<p>The Silas Deane House is a historic house museum at 203 Main Street in Wethersfield, Connecticut. Built in 1766, this National Historic Landmark was the home of Silas Deane , the first foreign diplomat for the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Deane house is a two-story wood-frame structure, four bays wide, with two asymmetrically placed interior chimneys, and a two-story ell extending to the rear. The main entry, in the second bay from the right, is flanked by pilasters and topped by a crowned and dentillated pediment. The interior features original woodwork, including pilasters and fully paneled fireplaces, and an elaborate stairway balustrade.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1766 by Silas Deane. Trained as a lawyer, Deane became involved in resistance to attempts by the British Parliament to levy taxes on its colonies in the late 1760s, served in the First Continental Congress in 1774, and was elected to the Second Continental Congress in 1775. Deane was selected in March 1776 by that Congress to represent it in dealings with the Kingdom of France. Deane successfully negotiated the secret agreement by which France supported the nascent United States prior to its formal entry into the American Revolutionary War in 1778, after signing a formal treaty of alliance negotiated by a commission that included Deane. He later became disenchanted with the rebel cause, and died in exile in Europe.</p><br>
<p>In 1959, Deane&#39;s house was donated to The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America in Connecticut and in 1963–1965, it was restored. It is now open as part of the Webb-Deane-Stevens Museum and includes original furniture and portraits of Deane and his second wife. The Webb-Deane-Stevens Museum also owns the adjacent 18th-century Joseph Webb House and the Isaac Stevens House in Old Wethersfield, and also operates the nearby Buttolph–Williams House, which is owned by Connecticut Landmarks.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Huntington Homestead, also known as the Samuel Huntington Birthplace, is a historic house museum and National Historic Landmark at 36 Huntington Road  in Scotland, Connecticut. Built in the early 18th century, it was the birthplace and boyhood home of Samuel Huntington , an American statesman and Founding Father. He served as a delegate to the Continental Congress, where he signed the Declaration of Independence. He also served as Governor of Connecticut and was the first presiding officer of the Congress of the Confederation, the first central government of the United States of America.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Huntington house is a 2½ story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with a side gable roof and large central chimney. The roof at the rear of the house slopes down to the first floor, giving the house a classic New England saltbox appearance. A small kitchen wing was added to the east side of the house in the 19th century. The interior has a typical Georgian central-chimney plan, with a vestibule and narrow winding stair in front of the chimney, public rooms to either side, and a large kitchen and small bedroom behind. Upstairs there are three bedrooms. The interior features, including woodwork and plaster, are almost entirely original. The house was built sometime in the first quarter of the 18th century.</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. In 1994 The Governor Samuel Huntington Trust was formed by local citizens to preserve the property. Since 1998 the trust has worked to restore and rehabilitate the property, and has sponsored archaeological work to understand its use. The trust operates it as a historic house museum, open for tours from May through October on the first and third Saturday of the month.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Samuel Huntington was born in this house in 1731, when the area was still part of Windham. He was self-educated in the law, and was admitted to the bar in 1758. Prior to the American Revolution, Huntington practiced law and served in a variety of legal positions in the Connecticut Colony, including Kings attorney, judge, and justice of the peace. He sat in the Connecticut State Legislature from 1775 to 1784, and also sat in the Continental Congress during those same years, serving as the bodys president between 1779 and 1781. As a member of the Congress in 1776 he signed the United States Declaration of Independence. He was Governor of Connecticut from 1786 to 1796, the year of his death.</p><br>
<p>The Stanley-Whitman House is a historic house museum at 37 High Street in Farmington, Connecticut. Built ca 1720, it is one of the oldest houses in Farmington. A well-preserved saltbox with post-medieval construction features, it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960 and National Register of Historic Places when the registry opened in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Stanley-Whitman House is the fourth-oldest existent structure and the oldest eighteenth-century structure in modern-day Farmington. A centrally located chimney made of field and sandstone divides the house into two symmetrical halves. The original ca. 1720 house had four rooms and a third-story attic space. Family members lived, worked, and entertained in the parlor and kitchen on the ground floor and the parlor chamber and kitchen chamber on the second floor. When second owner Solomon Whitman added a lean-to onto the existing room-over-room 3-storey building in the mid-eighteenth century, he expanded his family&#39;s living space and extended the roof line to create the classic saltbox silhouette for which Stanley-Whitman House is famous. The house has a framed overhang, in which the second story extends 18 in over the first story. Four drop pendants, carved into the lower end of the posts, ornament the overhang; two of these are original while the other two are reproductions.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Captain John Stanley (1624–1706) acquired the property where the Stanley-Whitman House would later stand sometime in the early eighteenth century.</p><br>
<p>Stanley later bequeathed the property to his son Deacon John Stanley (1647–1729), then acting leader of Farmington&#39;s First Congregational Church.</p><br>
<p>The younger John Stanley commissioned the construction of a "Dwelling house" on his new property between 1709 and 1719. It is likely that the younger John Stanley never inhabited the house, having soon thereafter sold the partially finished structure and six acres of land to Ebenezer Steele (1671–1722) in December 1720.</p><br>
<p>When Steele died several years later, daughter Mary Steele (1706–1789) inherited the house.</p><br>
<p>In 1725, 18-year-old Mary and her 25-year-old husband Thomas Smith (1699–1788?) moved in, becoming its first occupants. In addition to farming a lot along the fertile banks of the Farmington River, Smith was also a professional weaver. His account book (currently in the collection of the Connecticut Historical Society Museum and Library) provides information about the types, patterns, and cost of the textiles he produced during his lifetime.</p><br>
<p>While occupying the homestead, Thomas and Mary Smith had five of their eventual 12 children. In 1735, the Smiths sold the house to Reverend Samuel Whitman (1676–1751) for £160.</p><br>
<p>Reverend Whitman allowed his son Solomon (1710–1803) and new bride Susannah Cole Whitman (1715–1772) to reside in the homestead on Back Lane, as eighteenth-century High Street was then known, until officially transferring ownership of the house to his son in 1746.</p><br>
<p>Solomon Whitman was a farmer and shoemaker. He also served as town clerk, justice of the peace, and probate judge in the village of Farmington. Whitman sat at the Hartford assembly and oversaw the towns first subscription library. In 1772, six months after his wife Susannahs death, Solomon relocated to Main Street, although his descendants continued to occupy the house until 1922.</p><br>
<p>Whitman descendant Henry Farnam, nephew of Yale University economics professor Henry Walcott Farnam (1853–1933), inherited the house in 1886.</p><br>
<p>Working in tandem with his grandmother Ann Sophia Whitman (1816–1901), the younger Farnam commissioned architect Leoni W. Robinson (1851–?) to restore the 166-year-old house sometime between 1900 and 1910.</p><br>
<p>Among other changes, Robinson likely added the concrete ell space to the mid-eighteenth-century lean-to. In 1922, Henry Farnam sold the house to town benefactor Danford Newton Barney III (1859–1936) for $1.</p><br>
<p>Barney had previously funded the construction of a town library and maintenance of the historic town green; his next philanthropic project entailed converting Stanley-Whitman House into a museum. The official transformation of house to museum would be complete by 1935.</p><br>
<p>Before this stage, Barney&#39;s son Austin (1896–1971) and wife Katherine (1890–1978) moved into the house in 1924.</p><br>
<p>The pair employed J. Frederick Kelly (1888–1947), a prominent architectural historian from New Haven, to supervise the restoration of the house in 1934. Kelly installed seventeenth-century style casement windows, replaced wall sheathing and floors, and even reversed the orientation of the first-floor staircase to return the house to its "original" colonial appearance. Kelly, along with everyone else, erroneously dated the house to 1660, a misconception that affected its restoration under Kelly&#39;s direction. This error was discovered and corrected in the 1980s.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>In September 1935, Austin Barney transferred his ownership of the Stanley-Whitman House to the Farmington Village Green and Library Association.</p><br>
<p>FVGLA intended that the Farmington Museum, as the Stanley-Whitman House was then known, would be "used a museum or educational purposes." The Barney family later donated $35,000 to a fund supporting the museum. The Farmington Museum originally housed an array of Indian artifacts and colonial antiques mostly collected by former owner Katherine Barney.</p><br>
<p>In 1960 the Stanley-Whitman House was designated a National Historic Landmark. Over a twenty-year period beginning in the 1970s, museum administrators reevaluated the documentary history, mission, interpretation, and even the name of the historic house. A committee led by historian Abbott Lowell Cummings, with other historians and museum professionals, looked more closely at architectural elements of the house, uncovering evidence of both original structures and more recent alterations.</p><br>
<p>Researchers revisited primary source material, both confirming and refuting previously held beliefs about the house and its occupants. A Yale University-led archaeological team examined the area surrounding the historic house, unearthing animal bones, pipe fragments, coins, and hundreds of other objects. The museum committee also discussed how to best interpret the 291-year-history of the Stanley-Whitman House. They decided to furnish the historic house to reflect two time periods: 1725 to 1735, when the Smiths occupied the house, and 1736–1772, when the first generation of Whitmans resided there.</p><br>
<p>The house is now marketed as a "living history center and museum that teaches through the collection, preservation, research, and dynamic interpretation of the history and culture of early Farmington. Programs, events, classes, and exhibits encourage visitors of all ages to immerse themselves in history by doing, acting, questioning, and engaging in Colonial life and the ideas that formed the foundation of that culture."</p><br>
<p>Besides offering docent-led and self-guided tours of the historic house, visitors to the Stanley-Whitman House can participate in adult and children&#39;s programs, cooking demonstrations, walking tours, and other special events. Visitors can also view modern artist installations in the Speare Classroom, conduct genealogical or local history research in the Kenneth Johnson Research Library, walk around the grounds, and enjoy the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century reproduction flower, plant, and herb gardens.</p><br>
<p>The Stephen Tyng Mather Home is a historic house and National Historic Landmark at 19 Stephen Mather Road in Darien, Connecticut. It is significant as the longtime family home Stephen Tyng Mather , an industrialist and conservationist who championed the creation of the National Park Service in 1916 and served as its first director. The main house was built in 1778 by his great grandfather, Deacon Mather. Stephen Mather often lived elsewhere, but regarded this house as his true home.</p><br>
<h2>Description and building history</h2><br>
<p>The Mather homestead was built in 1778 by Deacon Joseph Moses Mather. The house he built was a -story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with a side-gable roof and a central chimney. The interior layout includes a dining room and parlor beside the chimney, and a kitchen behind, flanked by two smaller rooms in the rear corners. The upstairs had a similar layout, with two rooms in front and a large unfinished space in the rear. This unfinished space was converted into bedrooms and a bathroom at an unknown date before its ownership passed to Stephen Tyng Mather in 1906.</p><br>
<p>Mather made a number of alterations, giving the house a more Colonial Revival appearance. In 1927, based on designs by architect Thomas Harlan Ellett, he added a porch on the side and a two-story addition to the rear, and added the portico over the main entrance. The interior of the main block retained its original character through these changes, but the old kitchen space was converted into a living room. Mather also had a sunken garden built, along with a caretaker&#39;s cottage (replaced later by a guest house) and a carriage barn.</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1963, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. The landmark includes three adjacent land parcels owned by Mather, plus a</p><br>
<p>the family cemetery in which Mather is buried.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Stephen Tyng Mather was born in California, educated at the University of California, and was a successful industrialist in the manufacture and processing of borax. He became interested in the condition of the nation&#39;s parks and public lands in 1904, expressing his concern in a letter to his friend Franklin Lane, the United States Secretary of the Interior. Lane responded by offering him a government post overseeing the parks, which Mather accepted in 1915. His lobbying of legislators and the press was instrumental in raising the profile of the park system, and resulted in the formal establishment of the National Park Service in 1916 with Mather as its director. Mather oversaw the establishment of the services policies and practices, as well as the addition of numerous parks into the system. He retired in 1929 and died the following year.</p><br>
<p>The William Williams House is a historic house in Lebanon, Connecticut at the junction of Connecticut Routes 87 and 207, a National Historic Landmark. It is significant as the residence of Founding Father William Williams , who was a delegate from Connecticut Colony to the Continental Congress and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Williams lived here from 1755 until his death, and it is a well-preserved and little-altered colonial-era house.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Williams house is a -story wood-frame structure, five bays wide and two deep, with a side-gable roof, twin interior chimneys, and clapboard siding. Its main entrance is centered on the front façade with a Greek Revival surround, with sidelight windows and pilasters flanking the door, topped by a cornice with a carved elliptical arch. A single-story ell extends to the rear of the house. The interior follows a center hall plan and retains original features, including fireplace mantels (although most of the fireplaces have been closed up), and wide pine flooring.</p><br>
<p>The house&#39;s construction date and original owner are not known. It was purchased in 1748 by Reverend Solomon Williams, who gave it to his son William in 1755. William was born in 1731 and was trained at Harvard College, and he saw provincial militia duty in the French and Indian War in 1755. He settled in Lebanon that year, and embarked on a career as a merchant, jurist, and politician. He served in the provincial assembly 1757-1776 and the state legislature 1781–1784. He was a steadfast supporter of independence during the American Revolution, working closely with his father-in-law, Lebanon native and Governor of Connecticut Jonathan Trumbull. Williams personally funded Connecticut militia that captured Fort Ticonderoga in 1775. He was elected to the Second Continental Congress, where he signed the United States Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation. He was a delegate to the 1788 state convention that ratified the United States Constitution.</p><br>
<p>Williams house was also directly involved in the war effort during the revolution. In the winter of 1780–81, the French cavalry forces of Lauzuns Legion were stationed in Lebanon. Williams house was allotted to Lauzuns second-in-command Robert Dillon during this time.</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>The Broomfield Rowhouse is located at 2502-2504 Lake Street in the Near North Side neighborhood of Omaha, Nebraska. It was designed by African American architect Clarence W. Wigington, who was later regarded as a master in his field. His design for the house won a 1909 Good Housekeeping competition. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This historic rowhouse was built in the wake of the Easter Sunday Tornado of 1913 which ravaged Midtown and North Omaha. The building was designed by Clarence W. Wigington, a well-known African American architect raised in Omaha. The influence of Wigington&#39;s mentor, Thomas R. Kimball, is evident throughout the design of the structure. Wigington originally designed the building in 1909 for a contest organized by Good Housekeeping magazine. He won first prize for the best two-family dwelling.</p><br>
<p>In a recent biography of the architect, the Minnesota Historical Society described the building:</p><br>
<p>Cap Wigington, An Architectural Legacy in Ice and Stone, Minnesota Historical Society Press. p 28.</p><br>
<p>The rowhouse&#39;s original owner was Jack Broomfield, a key African-American political leader during the reign of Tom Dennison, informal political boss in the city.</p><br>
<p>According to the Omaha preservation organization Landmarks, Inc., the Broomfield Rowhouse was selected for the Register under the following criteria:</p><br>
<p>The Nash Block, also known as the McKesson-Robbins Warehouse and currently as The Greenhouse, is located at 902-912 Farnam Street in Omaha, Nebraska. Designed by Thomas R. Kimball and built in 1907, the building is the last remnant of Downtown Omaha&#39;s Jobbers Canyon. It was named an Omaha Landmark in 1978, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>The Nash Block was composed of two identical warehouse buildings, built in 1905 for one of Omahas wealthy elite, Catherine B. Nash. Thomas R. Kimball designed the building as the first factory-warehouse in Omaha with the modern fire protection elements, including brick enclosures for stairs and elevators, fireproof doors and an automatic sprinkler system. The two buildings first occupants relied on the citys railroads, and the buildings proximity to them.</p><br>
<p>The M. E. Smith Company was the largest and most important dry goods firm in Omaha at the turn of the century. The building was later occupied for many years by the McKesson-Robbins Drug Company, and is still often referred to by that name. The northernmost building was razed to construct the Gene Leahy Mall and in 1989 the remaining building was renovated into apartment units known as "The Greenhouse."</p><br>
<p>Kennicott Grove is an area of prairie and wooded lands that includes the home of John Kennicott  and his family, including his son Robert Kennicott . John Kennicott was an agriculturalist and a doctor. Robert Kennicott was a naturalist and an explorer, who founded the Chicago Academy of Sciences. The grove is 123 acre in size. It is located near the intersection of Milwaukee Ave. and Lake Ave. in Glenview, Illinois, in the United States. Kennicott Grove was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976. The site is maintained by the Glenview Park District as The Grove National Historic Landmark or also The Grove, and contains a nature interpretive center, historic buildings , and nature trails.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>John A. Kennicott was born near Saratoga, New York, in 1802. Kennicott taught in Buffalo, New York, then attended the Fairfield Medical College. Upon graduation, he taught for a year in Mississippi, then opened a medical office in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1829. Seven years later, Kennicott moved with his wife and two sons to Northfield Township, Cook County, Illinois, an area that was almost completely undeveloped. He made a claim of several hundred acres 15 mi south of Half Day between Lake Michigan and the Des Plaines River. Naming his homestead "The Grove" for the abundance of trees, Kennicott built a house on it around 1856.</p><br>
<p>Kennicott was the only physician in a wide circuit, at least 10 mi in radius from The Grove. In the early 1840s, with his son Charles, Kennicott planted the first commercial nursery in the area. Botany increasingly became an interest for Kennicott, and he planted every kind of shrub that he could find during his travels. After co-founding the Illinois State Agricultural Society, Kennicott began to provide nurserymen with free scions from varieties grown at The Grove. Kennicott died at his home on June 4, 1863.</p><br>
<p>Robert Kennicott, John&#39;s second son, would become a renowned naturalist. Too sickly to attend public school, Kennicott was educated at The Grove and spent much of his youth outside on the property. Kennicott collected plants and animals there and taught his siblings to do the same. He identified dozens of new species at the Smithsonian Institution and co-founded the Chicago Academy of Sciences in 1857. While on the Western Union Telegraph Expedition in Russian America in 1866, Kennicott died of heart failure.</p><br>
<p>Kennicott descendant Bertha Redfield had the Redfield Estate built in 1929. The Tudor Revival house was designed by George Grant Elmslie. Three years later it became home to her daughter, author Louise Redfield Peattie, who was married to author Donald Culross. Her American Acres described its history, and Donald&#39;s A Prairie Grove (1938) describes his experiences at The Grove.</p><br>
<h2>Grounds</h2><br>
<p>Kennicott Grove was originally about 250 acre of heavily wooded land with several ponds. The house, first built in 1856, has seen a number of additions and renovations. A south room and a kitchen wing branch off from a large rectangular building. The south room was added some time before 1878. A porch surrounding it was added around 1920. The exterior of the house features few details. The only decoration is in the treatment of eaves and some patterns around the second floor windows; it is otherwise plain board and batten. This type of siding is unusual in Illinois and distinguishes it from nearby architecture. The design was probably influenced by the popularity in the 1850s of works by Andrew Jackson Downing and Alexander Jackson Davis. Downing was an acquaintance of John Kennicott and may have been involved in the design, although the boxiness of the main section is unusual for a typical Downing house.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, a real estate group attempted to purchase a portion of The Grove&#39;s lands for a residential development project. The prompted the formation of the Save The Grove Committee, who attempted to have the site recognized by the National Park Service (NPS). Their efforts succeeded when the property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 13, 1973. Zenith made a 6 acre donation of land to Glenview in July 1974, including the main house. By the next February, Glenview had extended the acquisition with an additional 30 acre. The Save the Grove Committee became the Grove Heritage Association in 1976, following recognition of the site by the NPS as a National Historic Landmark on January 7. With $1,000,000 in funds from the state and federal government, another 82 acre were added by the fall of 1979. The last major purchase came in 1995, when another 41 acres were added.</p><br>
<p>The Grove Heritage Association has led efforts to maintain the property. The original house was restored in 1983 and the schoolhouse followed in 1987. New buildings were added to the campus to improve the educational value: an interpretive nature center was built in 1989 and a replica Potawatomie loghouse opened in 1997. The most recent addition was a fireproof and waterproof archives building to store family papers and artifacts. Approximately 200,000 visit The Grove each year.</p><br>
<p>The Highland Park Water Tower is a water tower in the Highland Park area of Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. It was designed by Clarence W. Wigington, the nation&#39;s first African-American municipal architect. The tower was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. It was completed in 1928 at a cost of $69,483.</p><br>
<p>The octagonally-shaped tower, on the second-highest of seven hills in Saint Paul, is constructed of brick and cut Kasota and Bedford stone. It is between 127 and 134 feet high and holds 200,000 gallons of water in a steel tank. It is topped with an arched observation deck, open to the public on two special occasions per year (Highland Fest and the second weekend in October) for those willing to climb 151 steps. Beneath the observation deck, it is ornamented with carved downspouts and shields. The tower has been virtually unaltered since it was originally built. The Highland Park water tower service area of Saint Paul is bounded by Dayton Avenue on the north, Edgcumbe Road on the south and east, and Fairview Avenue on the west, but the tower is no longer in active service. At its highest point, the tower reaches 440 feet in elevation above sea level. Its width at the base is 40 feet, and its width at the top observation deck is 36 feet.</p><br>
<p>Pond Farm  was an American artists’ colony that began in the 1940s and, in one form or another, continued until 1985. It is located near the Russian River resort town of Guerneville, California, about 75 mi north of San Francisco. Situated on a hilltop 600 ft above the Armstrong Redwoods State Reserve, Pond Farm began around 1939-40 when a San Francisco-based couple named Gordon and Jane Herr  acquired a portion of property called Rancho Del Lago or the Walker Ranch. Initially 250 acre, their property was later expanded to 400 acre. Because one of its primary features was a large pond, the Herrs renamed this setting Pond Farm. It includes two small residences and a historic barn repurposed as a pottery studio.</p><br>
<h2>Workshops</h2><br>
<p>Inspired by such precedents as the Bauhaus, Eliel Saarinen’s Cranbrook Academy of Art, Black Mountain College, and Frank Lloyd Wright’s Taliesin, the Herrs envisioned Pond Farm as an artists’ community that would in part support itself through summer workshops. According to their son (Jonathan Herr), Gordon Herr regarded Pond Farm as “a sustainable sanctuary for artists away from a world gone amuck,” while for Jane Herr, “it was a new beginning after rejecting conventional city upbringing” (Schwarz 2007, p. 315). Working together, the Herrs became able practitioners of homestead farming. They raised a wide variety of livestock; planted fruit orchards, nut trees and vegetable gardens; and established several fish ponds.</p><br>
<p>In 1939, Gordon Herr traveled to Europe to search for artists whose beliefs and personalities might be compatible with his own. While in Putten, the Netherlands, he met the proprietors of the Het Kruike (Little Jug) pottery shop. They were Frans Wildenhain and his wife Marguerite Wildenhain (née Friedlaender), who had moved to Holland from Germany, where both had studied pottery at the Weimar Bauhaus. Herr urged them to emigrate to the USA, in order to become a part of Pond Farm Workshops. The Wildenhains hesitated initially, but only six months later, when the Nazis invaded Poland, they wrote to Herr, asking if his offer stood. It did, and on March 3, 1940, Marguerite departed for the USA Her husband, however, was left behind, because the quota for German citizens had been filled. She was Jewish, he was not.</p><br>
<p>Eventually, Marguerite Wildenhain ended up in California and (having explored other options) decided to join the Herrs’ Pond Farm Workshops. She moved to Pond Farm in 1942, helped to put in water lines, established a garden, built a house and, working with Gordon Herr, restored and redesigned a barn that became her pottery workshop. Later, in 1949, on property adjacent to the entrance of the Armstrong Redwood Forest, the Herrs began construction of a building called the Hexagon House, where students could be housed and fed, and where public gatherings could be held.</p><br>
<h2>Resident artists</h2><br>
<p>Marguerite Wildenhain was the first artist to accept the Herrs’ invitation to join the Pond Farm Workshops. In 1947, they were joined by Frans or Franz Wildenhain, who, having been drafted into the German Army during World War II, had been separated from his wife for seven years. Franz would teach sculpture, while two other European artists who joined the colony in 1949, Trude Guermonprez and Victor Ries, taught weaving and metals, respectively. Gordon Herr taught architecture, and Jane Herr served as an informal business manager. In addition to the resident artists, others participated as visiting artists and instructors, including Jean Varda (collage), David Stewart (sculpture and pottery), Claire Falkenstein (painting), Lucienne Bloch (fresco), Stephen Dimitroff (fresco), Harry St. John Dixon (metals) and others.</p><br>
<p>It appears that the Workshop&#39;s first summer session took place in 1949. Unfortunately, it would close only a few years later in 1953. Given the strong survival instincts of the artists, they soon proved incompatible. In the words of Tim Tivoli Steele (the Herrs’ grandson), “In the end, the trait that all the artists had relied on to survive the war and follow their visions—the strength of their personalities—would also contribute to the demise of the Workshops. Constant bickering tore the group apart” (Steele 1992, p. 3). Around the same time period, one of the Herr children died of mushroom poisoning, the Wildenhains’ volatile marriage collapsed, and Jane Herr developed breast cancer and died in 1952.</p><br>
<h2>Pottery</h2><br>
<p>When Pond Farm Workshops fell apart in 1953, nearly all the residents left. Thereafter, a school and workshop on the site, called Pond Farm Pottery, were carried on by the community&#39;s only remaining artist, Bauhaus potter Marguerite Wildenhain, who continued to offer instruction through 1980.</p><br>
<p>Wildenhain was known for being thorough in her teachings, making newcomers start with dog dishes and learning all of the throwing steps before moving on to more advanced pottery. Among her students was Dean Schwarz, co-founder of South Bear School, who studied at Pond Farm during the 1960s. University of Utah Professor of Art, Dorothy Bearnson, participated in seven summer workshops with Wildenhain between 1947 and 1964.</p><br>
<p>As early as 1963, the State of California had used its powers of eminent domain to require Pond Farm residents to sell their property to the state, in order to expand the Austin Creek State Recreation Area. Gordon Herr was forced to move, but, in response to appeals by her students, it was decided that Wildenhain could continue to live on the property until her death.</p><br>
<h2>Designations and state ownership</h2><br>
<p>When Wildenhain died in 1985, her property reverted to the State of California and became part of Austin Creek State Recreation Area. In 2013, the site was awarded $443,245 in Prop 84 Cultural Stewardship funding to stabilize and the house and barn. The site has been designated a "National Treasure" by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<p>The complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2014, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2023.</p><br>
<p>The Charleston Arsenal was a United States Army arsenal facility in Charleston, South Carolina, seized by state militia at the outbreak of the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The arsenal was constructed between 1825 and 1832 by the United States government near the intersection of Ashley Avenue and Mill Street in Charleston. It served as a storage place for weapons, ordnance, and ammunition for the USA Army in antebellum days. (An earlier Federal arsenal, the Old Citadel, was taken out of service and after became a part of The Citadel.) The Charleston arsenal produced a considerable amount of artillery and small arms ammunition during the Mexican–American War and up to the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>With the secession of South Carolina in December 1860, the Arsenal became a target for Charleston militia. South Carolina troops seized the arsenal in late December, and the Confederates held it for much of the war. Josiah Gorgas had the arsenal enlarged and modernized with the installation of steam power. For a time, it was used a barracks to house Confederate troops, including the 26th South Carolina. The arsenal was retaken by Union troops in 1865 when Charleston finally fell.</p><br>
<p>On July 16, 1866, the USA government designated the 11.26 acre site as a Federal Military Reservation, but in 1879 the Army closed the arsenal. The building and land were sold in 1888, to the Porter Military Academy which occupied the site until it built a new campus west of the Ashley River, and in 1963 the site became part of the Medical University of South Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>St. Luke&#39;s Chapel</h2><br>
<p>The only building remaining from the Arsenal is St. Luke&#39;s Chapel. The chapel eventually became part of the Porter Military Academy. In 1883 Dr. Porter converted the artillery shed into a chapel. The building served Porter Academy students from 1883 to 1965. Now all three buildings are currently owned by the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC). On June 21, 1996, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Porter Military Academy.</p><br>
<p>Saint Paul&#39;s Episcopal Church  is a historic church in Norfolk, Virginia, United States. The Nave of the current church was built in 1739 and is the sole colonial-era building which survived the various wars that Norfolk has witnessed. The church has played host to several different denominations throughout its history. Originally a Church of England parish, the building was home to a Baptist parish in the early-19th century and was finally converted back into an Episcopal church.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Tenants</h3><br>
<p>During the Revolutionary War, the Church of England was disestablished in Virginia and replaced with the Episcopal Church. The Elizabeth River Parish of this new church was divided in 1797 by two feuding congregations. One faction formed Christ Church (which later became Christ and St. Lukes Church), while the other retained the building until 1803, when it was acquired by Baptists. The Episcopalians reclaimed the building in 1832, and Bishop Richard Channing Moore reconsecrated it under the name Saint Pauls.</p><br>
<h3>In wartime</h3><br>
<p>Following his defeat at the Battle of Great Bridge, Lord Dunmore attacked Norfolk from the sea as he fled Virginia on January 1, 1776. In retaliation, patriots set fire to the homes of loyalists; however, the fire became unmanageable, and nearly the entire town was destroyed by the flame. The church was the only major building in the city to escape substantial damage in the assault, though a cannonball (purportedly fired by the Liverpool) did strike its wall. By the 1830s, the cannonball was no longer embedded in the wall. In the 1840s, it was discovered buried in the church&#39;s yard and re-embedded into the wall where it remains to this day. During the Civil War, the building acted as a chapel for the Union army.</p><br>
<p>Visiting the church while in Norfolk during World War II, Lord Louis Mountbatten is reputed to have said that Dunmore&#39;s cannonball "damn near missed" its target.</p><br>
<h2>Notable ceremonies</h2><br>
<p>General Douglas MacArthur requested to be buried in Norfolk, Virginia, where his mother had been born and where his parents had married. Accordingly, his funeral service was held in St Paul&#39;s and his body was finally laid to rest in the rotunda of the Douglas MacArthur Memorial (the former courthouse in Norfolk) on 11 April 1964.</p><br>
<p>The Edgar Zabriskie Residence is located at 3524 Hawthorne Avenue in the Bemis Park neighborhood of Omaha, Nebraska, United States. It was built in 1889 as one of the first homes in Bemis Park. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 and was designated an Omaha Landmark in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>The Zabriskie Residence is regarded as one of the finest Queen Anne style structures in Omaha. Edgar Zabriskie was a ship officer, American Civil War veteran, Union Pacific general agent and accountant. He was one of the first purchasers of a lot in Bemis Park, a new residential suburb in the 1880s. The house was designed by a firm operated by Benjamin Fowler and Charles Beindorff, who also designed a number of important civic buildings throughout the city. After it was built the Zabriskie Residence and carriage house sat alone on a hill overlooking the Bemis Park development for nearly a decade. It was only in the early 20th century did the development grow.</p><br>
<p>The Zabriskie House has multiple wall surfaces, high multiple rooftops, a round turret, straight and round-arched windows and prominent gables and chimneys. The house is currently in excellent condition, including still-functioning original gas lamps throughout the house.</p><br>
<p>The J. L. Brandeis and Sons Store Building is located at 210 South 16th Street in the central business district of Omaha, Nebraska. Formerly the headquarters location of the Brandeis Department Store chain, it currently holds apartments and condominiums known as The Brandeis. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>The original eight stories were constructed in 1906 and were designed by architect John Latenser, Sr. in Neo-Renaissance style. The structure cost $1 million to build. Two more stories were later added to the building in 1921. Though the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, it has been through a series of several internal remodeling ventures that have had mixed results. In early 2008, the building was purchased by Townsend Inc, of Overland Park, Kansas, and was converted to a high-end mixed use residential and commercial space. The building was divided into three subdivisions: the lowest floor, "The Pavilion", has area reserved for commercial space, the management offices and security. There is also a refurbished food court with local and national food vendors, flat screen televisions and a fountain. Floors two to seven ("The Renata") are reserved for high-end apartments, with the second floor housing a fitness center and movie theater for building residents. Floors eight and nine ("The Enclave") consist of luxury condominiums that are separate and secure from the apartments. The building also features an on-site concierge and heated underground parking. The tenth floor at the top of the building, originally a gorgeous ballroom, is now converted into one-bedroom apartments.</p><br>
<p>Brandeis Building and Woodmen Tower.jpgThe Brandeis Building in 2007, with the Woodmen Tower to the west.</p><br>
<p>Danville Public Library is a library in Danville, Illinois, formed in 1883 by consolidating several existing collections. Originally it existed in rented space in buildings in downtown Danville. On November 7, 1904, a new Carnegie library opened and served for the next 91 years. The library had a Beaux-Arts design with columns flanking the front doors and a parapet wall above the entrance. It was expanded in 1929 thanks to a gift from Augustus Webster.</p><br>
<p>Construction on a new library building just north of the existing building began in 1994 and was completed in 1995. The grand opening was held on November 7, 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Carnegie building still exists and now operates as the Vermilion County War Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Old Orange County Courthouse, at one point also known as the Santa Ana County Courthouse, is a Romanesque Revival building that was opened in September 1901 and is located in Santa Ana&#39;s Historic Downtown District on Civic Center and Broadway streets. The Old Orange County Courthouse is officially recognized as California Historical Landmark No. 837 and is also on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The city of Santa Ana was established in 1869 by William Spurgeon on 74.27 acre of land purchased from the old Spanish land grant, Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana. Orange County, California, was formed in 1889 by William Spurgeon and James McFadden and Santa Ana was chosen as the county seat of government because of its larger growth as a town over surrounding towns, especially Orange.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse now stands as a museum and has been used as a favorite location for different movies and television shows. It features as the exterior of Briarcliff Manor in American Horror Story: Asylum. In 1949 the courthouse exterior and interior were used for location filming for The File on Thelma Jordan.</p><br>
<p>The Farm Creek Section, also known as the Farmdale Geologic Exposure, is a hillside near East Peoria, Illinois that clearly showed geological strata. It is nationally significant as one of the first exposed glacial stratifications in the United States to be scientifically documented. These Ice Age geological formations, with rock layers representing different periods of glaciation, had long been known and published in England, France, and Germany, but were not yet well known in North America. Geologist Frank Leverett discovered this exposed face of a hill with its clearly defined stratifications in 1879 and described and pictured it in his monograph, The Illinois Glacial Lobe, in 1899.</p><br>
<p>The Farm Creek publication gave a name to the Illinoian glaciation, the southernmost penetration of glacial ice into what was to become the Midwestern United States. It also helped formulate regional and national stratigraphic classifications and has figured prominently in the study and development of glacial geology.</p><br>
<p>A 15 acre area of the Farm Creek Section was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The site is on the south side of Farm Creek (a tributary of the Illinois River) in the Farm Creek Recreation Area, south of Illinois Route 8 (Washington St.) and between School Street and Bittersweet Road, and is accessible by following an unpaved road, part of which is an abandoned right of way formerly in use by the Toledo, Peoria and Western Railroad. The formation is largely covered by a modern soil layer. Some erosion has occurred in the time since its initial discovery, but the layers of strata are still readily discernible.</p><br>
<p>The Farm House, also known as the Knapp–Wilson House, is the oldest building on the campus of Iowa State University in Ames, Iowa. Now a museum open to the general public, this house was built 1861-65 as part of the model farm that eventually became Iowa State. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964 for its association with agriculturist and teacher Seaman A. Knapp and with USA Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson, both of whom lived here while teaching at Iowa State.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Farm House is located near the center of the Iowa State campus, on the west side of Farmhouse Lane. It is a three-story structure, built primarily out of brick, and set on a stone foundation. The brick walls, fashioned out of locally sourced clay, were clad in limestone stucco in 1909 because they were crumbling. The interior is largely reflective of a major remodeling conducted about the same time. In 1972 the university undertook a major restoration of the building to restore it to its c. 1910 appearance.</p><br>
<p>The land for what became Iowa State was donated by Story County farmers in 1858 and 1859, and the farm was developed over the following five years, slowed by the ongoing American Civil War. Iowa Agricultural College opened on the farm in 1869. In 1880 Seaman Knapp was appointed farm superintendent and professor of practical and experimental agriculture. Knapp would later become influential in the promotion of modern rice-growing practices in the American South. In 1891 James Wilson moved into the house, which he would occupy until 1897, when he was offered the post of United States Secretary of Agriculture, a post he would hold for thirteen years. The house was occupied for much of the first half of the 20th century by Professor Charles F. Curtiss, under whose tenure the houses major alterations were made. In 1948 the house was converted into a dormitory for women, and its plant was updated again. In 1970 Dean Floyd Andre, whose family occupied it since 1950, moved out. Andres lobbying to preserve the building from demolition succeeded, and it was opened as the Farm House Museum in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Des Moines Provisional Army Officer Training School was a military base and training facility on the south side of Des Moines, Iowa. Established in 1901, the base trained African American officers for the USA Army during World War I and was where women first began training for US Army service in 1942 as part of the Women&#39;s Army Corps. Surviving older portions of the base were declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974 in recognition of this history. The fort property was turned over to the city in the 1950s, and has since been put a number of public and private uses.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There have been three forts called Fort Des Moines. This facility, the third, was established in 1901 on 640 acre, several miles south of downtown Des Moines, and at the time outside the city boundary. Initially founded as a base for cavalry, the fort was built out beginning in 1903 with barracks, stables, officers&#39; quarters, and other facilities for this use. In 1917 the first officer candidate class of African Americans in US military history, trained at Fort Des Moines, and received commissions. Also in 1917 a training camp for black medical personnel began, and in 1918 the fort was used for the treatment of World War I casualties.</p><br>
<h3>Establishment of the First Black Officers&#39; Training Camp</h3><br>
<p>In 1916, the issue of universal military service was a hotly debated topic. Southern Democratic political leaders such as Senator James K. Vardaman opposed the idea of black Americans participating in the military in any capacity. Vardaman&#39;s efforts, as well as those from other like minded southern politicians were not successful in barring black Americans from serving in the US military. However, through the National Defense Act of 1916, these politicians were able to thwart efforts to institute officer training for Black Americans.</p><br>
<p>The chairman of the Board of Directors of the NAACP at the time, Joel E. Spingarn, began efforts to establish a separate black officers’ training program after learning that both the US army and Wilson administration were against the idea of racial integration. General Leonard Wood, likewise, played an integral role in lobbying to create a segregated officers camp. When approached by Spingarn, General Wood committed to organizing a summer camp under the condition that Spingarn obtain 200 applicants (which he later revised to 250).</p><br>
<p>In February 1917, Spingarn sent a letter entitled "Educated Colored Men" to the New York Age that petitioned the black community to support the creation of a separate camp to train black officers. Response to the letter varied. Many individuals and groups in the black community opposed the idea of a segregated camp while some college administrators, professors and students backed the idea. A major supporter of the camp, George W Cook, Secretary of Howard University, was hopeful that the camp would be held at Howard. Leaders of other black colleges and universities, such as William Pickens of Morgan College, Edward Ware of Atlanta University, and Major Allen Washington of Hampton Institute were also supportive of the plan.</p><br>
<p>Many of the original applicants were fraternity brothers. The campaign to recruit from fraternities at Howard, and then Amherst and Cornell was led by George E. Brice, president of the student body at Howard University and a member of the Omega Psi Psi fraternity. Fraternities spread the word through their networks to garner support for the training program. Many applicants hoped that military service would be an important step towards equality with white Americans. By March 31, 1917, Spingarn determined that he had received a sufficient number of applications and assumed plans for the camp would move forward.</p><br>
<p>It was exactly one week later that the United States declared war on Germany. This immediately put the program&#39;s creation in jeopardy. The NAACP stepped up its efforts to fight for the camp. They, along with the significant numbers of college officials and students, lobbied members of Congress and officials in the War Department.</p><br>
<p>On April 28, 1917, Spingarn stepped down as president of the NAACP to begin his training as a military officer. In his wake, NAACP Executive Secretary Roy Nash took over the responsibility of advocating for the training camp. Upon the change in leadership, Spingarn wrote to George Brice, "I feel very sanguine that if the colored people will only take up this movement unitedly, they will obtain officers’ training for their young men."</p><br>
<p>Brice replied in a return letter, "In taking the three month training the greater number of us realize we will have to sacrifice the furtherance of our academic education, but we hope the service of our country and our race will more than pay us for the time lost in school and the lives lost in battle."</p><br>
<p>The Central Committee of Negro College Men devised an organized effort to appeal to members of Congress as well as the War Department, the Navy Department and the Secretary of the interior.</p><br>
<p>Finally, on May 12 Secretary of War Newton D. Baker stated that "the determination has been made to have a training camp for Colored men."</p><br>
<p>On May 19, 1917, the War Department announced that a three-month black officer training camp would be held in Fort Des Moines, Iowa.</p><br>
<h4>Operations of the Camp</h4><br>
<p>On June 17, 1917, 1,250 trainees arrived at the camp. They studied "trench warfare, infantry drill, physical drill, equipment maintenance, bayonet and saber drill, musketry training, signaling and semaphore training, and regimental organization." The schedule ran from 5:45 A.M. to 9:45 P.M. and the officer trainees were paid $100 per month.</p><br>
<p>Fort Des Moines was also used as a training camp for black medical personnel at the same time it served as a black officer training center. "Graduates of this 5-month course included 104 medical officers, 12 dental officers, and 948 enlisted men."</p><br>
<p>The camp was run by Colonel Charles C. Ballou, a white officer, although many in the black community were hoping that Lieutenant Colonel Charles Young, a black officer, would be chosen.</p><br>
<p>Colonel Ballou impressed upon his trainees the importance of the camp&#39;s success: "Your race will be on trial with you as its representatives during the existence of this training camp." Colonel Ballou had experience commanding black troops in the 24th Infantry Regiment. Ballou was replaced at Fort Des Moines by Lieutenant Colonel Henry Hunt when Ballou was promoted to Brigadier General.</p><br>
<p>The commissioning ceremony was supposed to take place in September, but was pushed back to October 10th. "Six hundred twenty-nine men received commissions in the National Army: 106 as Captains, 329 as First Lieutenants, and 204 as Second Lieutenants."</p><br>
<p>After a two-week leave, these officers received orders to report to seven army camps around the country. The officers trained black soldiers in different units. All these units were sent to fight in France as the 92nd Division. Charles Ballou had been promoted to Major General and led the 92nd Division in France.</p><br>
<h3>Later history</h3><br>
<p>Much of the original 640-acre base was sold off for development as the city grew. The main surviving portion of the base, organized around the parade ground, is located at the northwestern corner of that land. Portions of the former base are now used as the Blank Park Zoo, and part of the parade ground has had an apartment complex built on it. Despite this, a number of the fort&#39;s buildings still stand, mainly on the southern and eastern edges of the parade ground. These buildings, including barracks, quarters, and stables, are now used for a variety of civic and commercial purposes. These surviving elements of the fort were designated a National Historic Landmark in 1974, in recognition of their role in the advancement of African Americans and women in the United States military forces.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Des Moines Museum and Education Center honors the USA Armys first officer candidate class for African American men in 1917, and the establishment of the first Womens Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC&#39;s) in 1942.</p><br>
<p>The Hunter Mountain Fire Tower is located on the summit of the eponymous mountain, second highest of the Catskill Mountains in the USA state of New York. It was the first of 23 fire lookout towers built by the state in the region, and the next-to-last of the five still standing to be abandoned.</p><br>
<p>Today it remains a popular attraction for hikers climbing the mountain. After it fell into disrepair in the 1990s and was recommended for removal by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC), which had operated the tower, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997. Local enthusiasts were able to raise money, matched by DEC, to restore the tower and adjacent observer&#39;s cabin to serve as a museum, with volunteers in the cab on some weekends.</p><br>
<p>Panoramic views of not only the mountains but the adjacent Hudson Valley, Massachusetts, Connecticut and sometimes southwestern Vermont are available from it. Likewise, it can be seen from many of the surrounding mountains, the village of Hunter and the upper slopes of the ski area. It is the highest fire tower still standing in the state and the second-highest in the entire Northeast.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Catskill fire protection before towers</h3><br>
<p>When the states Forest Preserve was created in 1885, one of the states earliest missions was the control and suppression of forest fires which had long ravaged the land and damaged local crops and property. Wardens were hired to patrol railroad lines, where stray ashes from steam engines often ignited surrounding brush, and investigate reports of fires started by logging or quarrying operations on state land (illegal under the legislation that created the Forest Preserve, now Article 14 of the state constitution).</p><br>
<p>But the Forest, Fish and Game Commission, DECs predecessor, was hopelessly understaffed and could not even begin to focus on fire prevention. Severe fires during droughts in 1903 and 1908 caused thousands of dollars in damages and led to public calls for better fire control efforts. In December of the latter year, James Whipple, head of the states Forest, Fish and Game Commission (FFGC, a predecessor agency of DEC), began looking into what could be done. His counterpart in Maine, E.E. Ring, wrote back to one of his inquiries highly recommending the use of strategically placed observation towers similar to the nine his state had already installed. "In my opinion, one man located at a station will do far more effectual work in discovering and locating fires than a hundred men already patrolling," he said.</p><br>
<h3>Tower construction and relocation</h3><br>
<p>The FFGC realized that informal observation towers already in existence on some summits were excellent places to station trained observers, who could see vast portions of the range and report the location of new fires quickly via dedicated telephone lines. The area around Hunter had historically been very fire-prone, due to heavy logging (less than 1 square miles of virgin forest remains on the mountain) and lightning strikes. The following year, forest rangers built the first Hunter Mountain fire tower, a 40 ft structure made from three trees, on level ground near the summit. It was one of the first fire lookout towers in the Catskills. Observers stood on an open platform and at first had to live in a nearby tent, until a cabin was built.</p><br>
<p>Eight years later it was replaced with a more permanent steel 60 ft tower, the current structure, by what was then the Conservation Commission. It was hauled in sections up the dirt road from Spruceton (now the Spruceton Trail) with a team of horses. At the top was an enclosed cab complete with a map, field glasses and the telephone.</p><br>
<p>In 1953, it and the cabin were moved 1,000 ft northwest along the ridge to the mountains true summit, where it remains today (footings of the original tower are still visible at the trail junction where it stood). and second-highest in the entire Northeast after 4,088 ft Avery Peak on Maines Mount Bigelow.</p><br>
<h3>Abandonment and revival</h3><br>
<p>Observations continued, but fire danger declined over the years along with the industries that had caused many early fires. Airplane flights supplemented the work of the observers, and the public showed greater vigilance in reporting new blazes. DEC finally closed the tower in 1989.</p><br>
<p>It remained open and accessible to the hiking public, however. In the 1990s, a DEC foresters recommendation in a draft planning document that another of the remaining firetowers be dismantled and removed as a nonconforming structure triggered (as he had hoped) a movement to save them. DECs guidelines governing the use of the Forest Preserve do allow the retention of otherwise incompatible structures within it if they enhance the public&#39;s understanding of the Forest Preserve, and many visitors and past observers wrote about how seeing the vastness of the Catskill wildlands at once helped them appreciate the importance of protecting it.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, Hunter and the other four towers were added to the Historic Lookout Register, and then to the National Register the following year. Local committees raised money for their repair, and on October 7, 2000 DEC formally reopened the Hunter tower to the public as observation towers with interpretive materials, including an alidade in the tower cab.</p><br>
<p>Two decades later, DEC initiated a $48,000 renovation program. The roof, which had been damaged by wind during the winter of 2016–17, was replaced along with the grates around the tower landings, the tower repainted, and the windows in the cab repaired. A celebration was held in August 2017 to mark the tower&#39;s 100th anniversary.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The tower is located near the center of the small clearing left by early 20th-century logging operations. It is surrounded on all sides by tall balsam fir and red spruce, the dominant tree species in the boreal forest found at high elevations in the Catskills. The observer&#39;s cabin, with a small protected porch, is just to the southeast. Its windows are covered in steel mesh to protect it from porcupines, abundant in the Catskill forests, which chew on the wood.</p><br>
<p>There have been other structures at the site. One observer&#39;s son recalls that the state built his father a garage to protect his truck from the porcupines. Catskill forest historian Michael Kudish reports that a small shed near the cabin was removed in the early to mid-1990s.</p><br>
<p>As part of the renovations, DEC installed a pit privy in the nearby woods. Later that decade it improved the Spruceton Trail to better allow the equestrian use it already permitted. It added a hitching rack, drinking barrel and mounting chute at the summit near the tower, corresponding with similar facilities elsewhere along the trail and at the trailhead.</p><br>
<h3>Access</h3><br>
<p>The old truck road, now the blue-blazed Spruceton Trail, is the most common route to the tower. Horses and riders may use it, and it can be traveled in the winter with snowshoes or cross-country skis. Most visitors come from the west, 2.7 mi away, where it leaves Spruceton Road and climbs vertically more than 2,000 ft to the summit. Along the way it picks up traffic from the ski area, which operates its summit chairlift in the summer months, via the Colonel&#39;s Chair Trail.</p><br>
<p>A short yellow-blazed spur from the steep Becker Hollow Trail comes in from the north as well, but it is infrequently used. From the east, at Stony Clove Notch, the Devil&#39;s Path climbs to the junction with another short trail, the Hunter Mountain Trail, which in turn climbs to the junction with the Spruceton and Becker Hollow trails at the pre-1953 tower site.</p><br>
<p>The area has long been part of the Hunter Mountain Wild Forest, a New York-specific class of protected area that allows for slightly higher-impact recreational uses than wilderness. Recent proposed changes to the Catskill State Land Master Plan would keep the Spruceton Trail within a small wild forest corridor while merging much of the remaining land with the nearby West Kill Wilderness Area, in order to allow for other possible uses of the trail, such as mountain biking.</p><br>
<h3>View</h3><br>
<p>Hunter, like many other Catskill peaks, has a wide flat summit covered with forest. Since the entire Catskill range is below tree-line, 360-degree views are extremely rare. The only ones available are from the fire towers.</p><br>
<p>Due to Hunters dominance of the northern Catskills, many of the peaks in that region can be seen. The distinctive comb of the Blackhead Range, the third through fifth highest Catskill peaks, can be seen to the north, and to the northeast Kaaterskill High Peak adds another of the Catskills most recognizable shapes. Less recognizable from this angle are the Devil&#39;s Path peaks to the east.</p><br>
<p>South of Hunter can be seen officially-unnamed Southwest Hunter, known as a difficult bushwhack due to the difficulty of finding the summit register. The central Catskill peaks around Slide Mountain, the highest Catskill peak, can be seen on reasonably clear days, and closer to Hunter fellow Catskill High Peaks West Kill and Rusk stand out to the southwest and west. The ski area&#39;s summit station, chairlift and trails are also visible.</p><br>
<p>The Shenandoah-Dives Mill or Mayflower Mill is an intact and functional but inactive historic ore mill 2 mi east of Silverton, Colorado, United States. The mill was built in 1929 to recover gold, silver, lead, zinc, and copper from ore mined at the Mayflower mine and brought to the mill by an aerial tramway. Regularly active until 1945, it houses still-functional equipment for the separation by flotation of metals from crushed ores. It is the only intact and functional mill of its kind in Colorado. The mill is owned by the San Juan County Historic Society, which staffs an information and gift shop at the mill under the name Mayflower Mill. The mill is open for self-guided tours in the summer months.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Mayflower Mill stands east of the town center of Silverton, on the north side of County Road 2 in Arrastra Gulch overlooking the Animas River. The principal mill building is a multistory wood-frame structure covered with corrugated metal roofing, its setting in the hillside designed to facilitate the feed of materials by gravitation. Many of its original window openings have been covered by metal. Attached to it are a series of smaller structures, all of which together house the ore processing infrastructure. The process includes equipment for conveying the ore, crushing it, introducing it into a large tank designed to facilitate the separation of metals by weight from the ore slurry. The sulfide ore minerals were concentrated by froth flotation, an innovative method in the early twentieth century that allowed processing of ores that would previously have been too difficult for feasibility. The original mill equipment is still in working order. It is the only intact and functional mill of its kind in Colorado.</p><br>
<p>The mill was built in 1929 for the Shenandoah-Dives Mining Company to process ore from the nearby Mayflower Mine. Ore from the mine was delivered to the mill via an aerial tramway over 9,000 ft in length. At its peak, the mill processed 1,000 tons of ore per day. It remained in regular operation until 1945, and was largely shut down thereafter to a decrease in government demand for metals occasioned by the end of World War II. It was operated sporadically until 1992 under a variety of owners, and was then taken over by the San Juan County Historical Society as a museum.</p><br>
<p>Pikes Stockade is a historic exploration campsite located near Sanford, Colorado. Set on the north bank of the Conejos River, it is where explorer Zebulon Pike raised the American flag on Spanish soil in 1807. The site, now managed by Historic Colorado, includes a reconstruction of a wooden stockade, built according to Pikes detailed description of the original. The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Pikes Stockade is located about 8 mi northeast of Sanford, at the end of County Road 24 on the northern bank of the Conejos River. Now a small park, the site is now less forested than it was at the time of Pikes expedition. The stockade is a wooden structure, roughly 36 x, with bastions at the two northern corners. The stockade is built out of oak, a longer-lasting material than the cottonwood Pike used in 1807. Like Pike&#39;s construction, the stockade has no normal doorways, and is entered through a tunnel that passes under one of the walls. In deference to public access, the tunnel is lined in concrete, and the stockade itself is built on a concrete foundation.</p><br>
<p>Zebulon Pike led one of several exploratory expeditions commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson following the Louisiana Purchase to understand what exactly had been acquired. His expedition left St. Louis in July 1806, and reached this point in January 1807. The fort was built primarily as a defense against attack from the Spanish, on whose territory Pike had (either knowingly or innocently) encroached. On February 26, a force of 100 Spanish cavalry arrived at the fort, and requested that he come to Santa Fe, the territorial capital, to discuss the matter. Pike and his men went with the Spanish force, and were eventually released in July 1807.</p><br>
<p>The Ballard Avenue Historic District is a section of downtown Ballard in Seattle, Washington state, US, that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 . The district consists of Ballard Avenue N.W. between N.W. Market Street and N.W. Dock Place, and is located near to and along Salmon Bay. After initial work by the Ballard Avenue Association and the city of Seattle&#39;s Urban Conservation Division, Seattle mayor Wes Uhlman signed the ordinances that led to the national recognition of the area. The neighborhood of Ballard is known for a large historic population and presence of immigrants from Sweden; King Gustaf of Sweden read the proclamation inducting the district to the historical registry in 1976, and dedicated the new bell tower at Ballard&#39;s Marvin&#39;s Garden Park, which housed the original bell from Ballard&#39;s old city hall. The historic markers that can be seen on 26 of the buildings were created and erected by the Ballard Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>All the commercial buildings in the historic district face towards Ballard Avenue. Other locations in Ballard that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places include the old Ballard Carnegie Library on N.W. Market Street, the Ballard Bridge, Fire Station No. 18, the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks, and the Lake Washington Ship Canal.</p><br>
<p>The Ballard Carnegie Library is a historic Carnegie library in the Ballard neighborhood of Seattle, Washington, United States. The institution was preceded by a freeholders library in the 1860s, which was eventually replaced in 1901 by a reading room organized and funded by a womens group. Various funds including a $15,000 grant were used to create a new library for Ballard, then an independent city. The library opened to the public on June 24, 1904. It was the first major branch of the Seattle public library system after Ballard was annexed by Seattle in 1907, and also employed one of the first African American librarians in Seattle.</p><br>
<p>The Ballard Carnegie Library remained in use until 1963, when a newer and more modern facility replaced it. After its sale, the old library building housed a variety of private commercial enterprises, including an antique shop, a restaurant and a kilt manufacturer.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the late 1860s, when Ballard was a new settlement along the edge of Salmon Bay, a homesteader named Ira Wilcox Utter helped create a freeholders&#39; library. Having decided to build a proper library, the Ballard City Council established a library board in 1903 and applied to the philanthropist Andrew Carnegie for a grant to help underwrite the construction costs.</p><br>
<p>The library was built on a lot of 100 ft square, which was purchased for $2,100. The costs for the building were raised by local businesses and citizens, with support from the earlier fundraising and book collections of the womens union and a $15,000 grant from Carnegie. When construction was completed, the building included facilities such as a 500-seat auditorium and a mens smoking room (the latter of which was later converted into a reading room). Part of the construction work was done by a chain gang.</p><br>
<p>Initially, the library had a cache of books provided by local residents and schools on standby for the completion and grand opening, as Carnegie&#39;s grant did not cover the initial costs of new books.</p><br>
<p>Following the start of World War I, the Carnegie Library became the location of various community activities, such as the distribution of information on the ongoing war. It also hosted Red Cross and English language classes. In 1942, during World War II, one of the first African American librarians in Seattle, Lucille Smith, was assigned to the library.</p><br>
<p>From 2003 to 2010 the old library building was home to Carnegie&#39;s, a French restaurant.</p><br>
<p>The area around Market Street where the building is located is a part of Seattle that has been quickly rising in land value; the area has been compared to Belltown, a growing Seattle neighborhood also being affected by gentrification. As the Carnegie Library building is without the City of Seattle&#39;s landmark status despite its NRHP status, it is at risk from new development.</p><br>
<p>The Peoples State Bank building is located in the Stephenson County village of Orangeville, Illinois, United States. The structure was erected in 1926 when two Orangeville banks merged to form the Peoples State Bank. It operated until 1932 when it became overwhelmed by an economic disaster caused by the Great Depression and the bypassing of downtown Orangeville by an important route. The building is cast in the Commercial style and features Classical Revival detailing, common for banks of the time period. The building was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Peoples State Bank is located in the 800 person village of Orangeville, about two miles (3 km) from the Illinois&ndash;Wisconsin border in Stephenson County, Illinois. The building is located in the primary business district, along High and Main Streets, in downtown Orangeville. High Street slopes uphill from the Richland Creek and is populated by historic, 19th century buildings. At the summit of High Streets slope is the Central House, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In total, four of the five structures on the National Register in Orangeville, are found along High Street; the Union House and the Orangeville Masonic Hall are the other two. Other historic buildings in the approximately three block area include the 1888 Musser Building, and the 1906 Wagner Building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Peoples State Bank building was constructed in 1926 when the two of the three state banks in Orangeville merged. The area had enjoyed success as a commercial hub in the years preceding the banks construction. In 1928, just before the onset of the Great Depression, Illinois State Highway 74 (later Illinois Route 26) was rerouted through the eastern part of Orangeville, bypassing the downtown business district. Though the district no longer had a major thoroughfare passing through it many of the business were able to survive, at least initially. By 1928 the decline in the business community of Orangeville was evident; the bypass, coupled with the depression continued to negatively affect the village. In 1932 the People&#39;s State Bank, the last open bank in Orangeville, closed its doors.</p><br>
<p>The American Legion Post #720 bought the bank building after its closure and it served as the American Legion Meeting Hall until 1956. A group of local residents purchased the building in 1956 with the intention of restarting a bank in Orangeville. Until 1980, the People&#39;s State Bank building once again operated as a financial institution under the name Orangeville Community Bank. A radio repair and sales business bought the structure in 1980 and held it until the business closed, leaving the premises vacant, in August 2002. An organization called A Community Together bought the bank from the radio business and in turn sold it to John and Caryl Buford in October 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The People&#39;s State Bank was cast in the commercial style of architecture and has detailing heavily influenced by Classical Revival, a popular style for bank buildings at the time. The building, a one-story structure, stands on a concrete foundation with 12 inch (30 cm) thick walls, and a full basement. The Classical detailing is emphasized through the use of brick, glass, and concrete throughout the building. The simple design exhibits several Classical Revival influences, among them: its masonry construction, giving it a sturdy appearance, its symmetry, the brick divides on the wall which resemble pilasters, and the semi circular fanlights on the above the east and west facade windows. The size of the interior lobby further emphasized the feeling of solidity, which banks wished to convey to their customers.</p><br>
<p>The 30 foot (9 m) by 64 foot (20 m) rectangular building is composed of brick and features terrazzo flooring. The building is the most ornate of the commercial buildings in downtown Orangeville and is situated on the area&#39;s second highest lot. The main entrance, a large wooden, glass paneled door, is recessed and central on the symmetrical south (front) facade of the building. The original door is surrounded by sidelights and topped by a diamond patterned transom window. Flanking the central doorway on each side is a one over one window, each displaying the same diamond patterned transoms as the door.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Peoples State Bank was the last major commercial building constructed in historic downtown Orangeville, Illinois. Prior to World War II Classical architecture was popular in commercial and civic buildings and the Peoples State Bank provides an example of a one-story, stand alone commercial style block building adorned with Classical details. For its architectural significance the People&#39;s State Bank building was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on August 20, 2004.</p><br>
<p>Central House is an 1860s hotel building located in the 800-person village of Orangeville, in Stephenson County, Illinois, United States. The building was built by Orangeville founder John Bower and operated as a hotel from its construction until the 1930s, when it was converted for use as a single family residence. The three-story building was the first commercial brick structure in downtown Orangeville. Architecturally, the building is cast in a mid-19th-century Italianate style. Central House was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Central House stands at a T-intersection in the central business district of the 800 person village of Orangeville, Illinois, United States. Orangeville, in Stephenson County, is about two miles (3.2 km) from the Illinois&ndash;Wisconsin border. High Street slopes uphill from the Richland Creek and is populated by historic, 19th-century buildings. In total, four of the five structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Orangeville, are found along High Street; the Union House, People&#39;s State Bank and the Orangeville Masonic Hall are the other two. Other historic buildings in the approximately three block area include the 1888 Musser Building, and the 1906 Wagner Building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Central House was constructed in 1888, by John Hoyman, the son in law of town founder John Bower. John Bower had initially built a hotel at the same site in 1867, but it burned to the ground in 1887. It was the first brick commercial building, and the second brick building to be built in Orangeville. From the time it was constructed, until the 1930s, Central House operated as a hotel. During the 1930s the building was converted for use as a single-family residence, a function it retains at present. Though Central House has undergone multiple periods of renovations and alterations it still maintains its historic integrity.</p><br>
<p>When the new hotel was built in 1888, the hotel affixed a large wooden sign adorned with "Central House" to the front facade; the original was removed during the 1920s. Before the turn of the 20th century the buildings partial basement was added on. The home underwent several changes in 1911. They included: the addition of indoor plumbing, the construction of a 10 by utility room at the structures rear, the construction of a separate kitchen building, and the removal of an attached shed on the west facade. Central House did not have electricity until 1920. The kitchen was moved to the main building during the 1940s, and between 1950 and 1952 the second floor balcony was removed. The heating system evolved from potbelly stoves to a radiator hot water system in the 1920s, and during the 1960s gas heaters replaced that system.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The 28 by building stands three stories, and features a partial basement and twenty rooms. Ten of the rooms were specifically designed as bedrooms. The brick building sits on a stone foundation and is cast in a mid-19th-century Italianate style. The hotel building itself features arched segmented one over one windows on all facades and floors. The wooden-framed windows are either all original or could be restored to original appearance. The windows have shallow hood moldings made of soft brick and are all double hung. The original porch and balcony, removed for reasons unknown during the 1950s, measured 18 feet (5.5 m) across and 10 feet (3 m) deep. The property of the Central House has one outbuilding, a five-bay garage that dates to around the 1910s. The garage has had one roof replacement but maintains its historic integrity.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Central House is commercially significant for its role as a meeting place for citizens of Orangeville and travelers alike. It provided lodging and dining facilities for more than 60 years, and its construction was with the intention of being the central commercial building in Orangeville. The building remains one of the oldest surviving buildings in Orangeville and is the village&#39;s only hotel in its history. It is also the only three-story building within the Orangeville central business district. For its local significance in the area of architecture the building was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on May 20, 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Union House, also known as the John Bower House, is a small, mostly Gothic Revival house in downtown Orangeville, Illinois, United States. The house, the first brick home in Orangeville, was built in 1849 by village founder John Bower. It was purchased by Samuel Hutchins in 1885 and it remained in the Hutchins family until 1951. The house blends elements of Greek and Gothic Revival architecture and is the only example of Gothic Revival found in the village of Orangeville. The house was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Union House was the first brick house in Orangeville and erected by village founder John Bower. Bower came to Stephenson County in 1844 and, on October 16, 1846, bought the land that would be platted as Orangeville from John H. Curtis for US$950. Bowers built the Union House in 1849 on a portion of what eventually became Orangeville in 1851. By 1885 Dr. Samuel Hutchins, and his wife Amanda, owned the Union House and used it as a home and a medical office for Hutchins early in his career. William Hutchins inherited the home and lived in it until he died in 1926. His sister Katherine Hutchins took ownership of the building following Williams death. When Katherine died in 1944 her mother Linda inherited the house and it was deeded to Robert and Florence Shafer in 1951. The Shafers in turn sold it to Val and Opel Schreiner. The Schreiners owned the house when it was nominated to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Union House utilizes a combination of Greek Revival and Gothic Revival styles. The Greek Revival influence is found in the doorway, which matches almost exactly the description put forth by Virginia and Lee McAlester in their 1984 book, A Field Guide to American Houses. The Union House features these characteristics, though does not feature the recessed doorway the McAlesters call "not uncommonly" found in Greek Revival doorways.</p><br>
<p>Besides the front entrance, the house is cast in the Gothic Revival style, popularized in the United States through various publications from the late 1830s&ndash;1850s. The Union House matches descriptions put forth by McAlester as well as in the Galena Historic Preservation Guidebook. McAlester describes decorative bargeboards, steeply pitched gables, and cross gables, with windows usually extending into the gables; all elements which are present on the Union House. The pointed arch windows described by McAlester are not present on the Union House. The Union House is of the centered gable variety described by McAlester. The Galena guidebook also describes steeply pitched roofs, cross gables and decorative bargeboarding. The original decorative bargeboarding on the Union House remains in place.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Union House, along with being the first brick house built in Orangeville, is the only example of Gothic Revival architecture found in the village. It is important locally because it was constructed by the village founder, John Bower. The house is also a good example of the crossover from Greek to Gothic Revival and blends elements from both style. The house&#39;s local significance, combined with its architectural importance qualified it for listing on the USA National Register of Historic Places on May 11, 2000.</p><br>
<p>Tubbs–Carlisle House or Tubbs House or Tubbs/Revier House is an historic house in Lubbock, Texas. It is a memorial to the perspicacity, work ethic and dedication of the Pioneers who tamed, settled and developed the last frontier known as The Great American Desert, referred to generally as The Great Plains of the United States and Canada.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Isham and Texana Tubbs began to think of caring for Texanas sister Lizzie Spikes Carlisle who had cared for the sisters mother Lucinda Pelts Carter Spikes until her death at age 85 in 1902. This called for the sale of developed homesteads in Wolfforth, Texas and a move 10 miles across the prairie onto 1 1/2 sections adjoining W. A.Gus Carlisle&#39;s homesite.</p><br>
<p>The timber for use in construction of this house was cut from trees selected by Isham Tubbs while on a return trip to their prior home in Kaufman County, Texas some 500 miles to the East. After milling, the lumber was railed to Colorado City, Childress and Amarillo, Texas, as the Railway neared Lubbock, and hauled to the site from those railheads by horse and wagon. There it cured onsite until construction was begun in 1907 and finished in 1908.</p><br>
<p>The House was modeled after one found in a magazine picture or catalog fancied by Texana Tubbs. As the house began to take shape in framing, Uncle Gus and Aunt Lizzie expressed a desire to live there also, so they helped with the addition on the North side of a smaller quarters for their abode. The construction utilizes pier and beam Queen Anne Styling, from the end of the Victorian Era. It has 1:1 pitch roofs, numerous cupolas, "fish scaling" gables with "Gingerbread" scroll work, and extensive curved and squared porches on front and a squared porch on back.</p><br>
<p>As of 2007, it has been a residence for descendants of the Isham and Texanna Tubbs family continually since their return from Mexico at the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution around 1910 when a plantation venture there was thwarted by the ensuing chaos of the war environment. Grandchildren to great great great grandchildren of Isham and Texana Tubbs gathered in the yards and under the trees and porches of Tubbs House for a family reunion in summer 2011.</p><br>
<p>The Jose Rizal Bridge carries 12th Avenue South over South Dearborn Street and Interstate 90 in Seattle, connecting the International District to Beacon Hill. Built in 1911, and originally called the 12th Avenue South Bridge or the Dearborn Street Bridge, it was one of the first permanent steel bridges in Seattle. It was renamed in honor of the Filipino patriot José Rizal in 1974, though the official name is not well known by Seattleites. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982,</p><br>
<p>As a result of Paul Schell&#39;s attempt to light several bridges for the Seattle Millennium Project, the bridge is illuminated by floodlights.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, a police informant was found murdered near a homeless encampment under the bridge.</p><br>
<p>The bridge originally carried four lanes of traffic until 2021, when they were reduced to two lanes to accommodate a set of protected bicycle lanes.</p><br>
<p>The 1411 Fourth Avenue Building is a historic building in Seattle, Washington, that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 28, 1991 . The 15-story plus basement Art Deco structure is located at the Northwest corner of Fourth Avenue and Union Street. The main entrance is located at 1411 Fourth Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The building was built in 1928 for the Stimson Realty Company under the direction of the Metropolitan Building Company for $1.1 million by Teufel & Carlson, contractors. Robert C. Reamer was the architect. The building was fully constructed within seven months in 1928, setting a record for a building of its size.</p><br>
<p>From 1997 to 2012 the ground floor housed Tullys Coffee flagship store on the corner of Fourth Avenue and Union Street. The store was among those closed following Tullys bankruptcy protection filing.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, it was sold to the Onni Group for $29.6 million.</p><br>
<p>The Garst House, also known as the Garst Museum, is an historic building located at 205 North Broadway in Greenville, Ohio, United States. On November 16, 1977, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Today it is a local history museum operated by the Darke County Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Garst Museum contains exhibits about Annie Oakley, Lowell Thomas, Native American culture, local military activities, pioneer life and prehistory. There is also a display of two streets of old village shops. America is presented through a wide range of artifacts. There is a Treaty room with over 1,000 artifacts, including the Treaty of Green Ville. The Lowell Thomas Birthplace was moved to the museum grounds and is open on weekends in the summer. The museum also features a genealogy library operated by the Darke County Genealogical Society and a gift shop.</p><br>
<p>Camp Topridge is an Adirondack Park Great Camp bought in 1920 and substantially expanded and renovated in 1923 by Marjorie Merriweather Post, former owner of General Foods and the daughter of C. W. Post. The "camp", near Keese Mill, in the USA state of New York, was considered by Post to be a "rustic retreat&quot it consisted of 68 buildings, including a fully staffed main lodge and private guest cabins, each staffed with its own butler. It was one of the largest of the Adirondack great camps and possibly the most elaborately furnished.</p><br>
<p>The camp had 207 acre and was situated on an esker between the Spectacle Ponds and Upper St. Regis Lake, about 12 mi northwest of Saranac Lake, New York. The estate was designed by local builder Ben Muncil in collaboration with New York architect Theodore Blake.</p><br>
<p>As originally built, the property could only be reached by water, though a driveway was added in later years. Guests arrived by floatplane or Posts boat at a private dock, and thence via funicular to the main building at the top of the ridge. Three times each week, guests would gather in the 65 by living room where full-length movies could be screened; an adjoining dining room seated thirty guests. Many of the original furnishings of the room, which included an extensive collection of American Indian artifacts, are now in the Smithsonian Institution. Among the many elaborate structures on the property is a Russian dacha built for Posts third husband, who had served as ambassador to the Soviet Union.</p><br>
<p>The staff would arrive from Keese Mills Road in Paul Smiths and drive around the water and leave their cars in a parking lot, now used as public parking for the trail to Saint Regis Mountain; the trailhead is near the private property line of Camp Topridge. From the parking lot, staff would walk a hilly, unpaved path into the workers&#39; side of the camp. In the early 1970s, this unpaved path was widened and became suitable for one-way car traffic. Prior to the paving, vehicles could only be driven over the ice in the winter.</p><br>
<p>Posts guests would arrive at Saranac Airport (in Lake Clear), often in her private Vickers Viscount, the Merriweather. They would be driven to a launch which would take them to one of the boat houses. From there, they could either take the stairs or ride a covered, six-person electronic lift or funicular, installed for Posts aunt Molly Post, who suffered from heart trouble. For years, the caretaker of the camp and his wife would feed lunch to staff in a dining room in the caretaker&#39;s home.</p><br>
<p>Post bequeathed the property to the State of New York. The main lodge, most of the buildings and 105 acre were offered for sale, while the remaining acreage became part of the Adirondack Forest Preserve. Roger Jakubowski purchased the camp in 1985 for $911,000. It is now owned by Texas real estate magnate Harlan Crow, who purchased it in 1994 when Jakubowski went bankrupt. Crow has substantially restored the buildings and added several new ones. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>As reported by ProPublica in 2023, Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas is one of Crow&#39;s regular guests, spending a week each summer at Topridge for the past two decades. One of the decorations at the lodge is a photo-realistic painting by Sharif Tarabay of Thomas, Crow, and lawyers Peter B. Rutledge, Leonard Leo and Mark Paoletta lounging in Adirondack chairs at the lodge in 2018.</p><br>
<p>The Schuster Building is a mixed-use structure at the intersection of Bardstown Road and Eastern Parkway in the Highlands area of Louisville, Kentucky. Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 as a "significant example" of Colonial Revival architecture as applied to commercial buildings, the Schuster building is one of Louisville&#39;s most prominent examples of that style.</p><br>
<p>The Colonial Revival style was part of an emerging trend in American design at the time the building was completed in 1927, and was later popularized by the restoration of Colonial Williamsburg.</p><br>
<p>In the years following the completion of the Schuster Building, several prominent structures in the same style were built in Louisville, such as the University of Louisville Administration Building in 1929, and Norton and Mullins halls of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in 1930.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Schuster Building was designed by the Louisville firm of Nevin, Wischmeyer & Morgan, which also designed the Pendennis Club&#39;s clubhouse.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1927, the 35,000 ft&sup2; Schuster Building was the largest of several mixed-use buildings that were built in the pre-World War II era along Bardstown Road, the commercial corridor of what was then Louisville&#39;s wealthiest suburban area, the Highlands.</p><br>
<p>The building originally housed shops, professional offices, apartments and the 14,000 ft&sup2; Uptown Theater. The 1,100 seat Uptown was equipped for both live theater and film, with a full stage, orchestra pit and organ.</p><br>
<h3>Decline and renovation</h3><br>
<p>The building changed little into the 1980s. As shops came and went, there were essentially no alterations to the upper floors and only minor ones to the ground floor. The Uptown Theater remained as the anchor of the building, but attendance tapered off over the years, and by the 1980s closure was inevitable. When the Uptown closed in 1989, it had survived longer than any other neighborhood theater in Louisville except the Vogue.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Highlands residents formed an organization to raise awareness and attempt to renovate and reopen the Uptown (at one point as a film museum named after Kentucky native D.W. Griffith), but were unable to raise the $1 million needed for the project.</p><br>
<p>The planned renovation of the building, which involved demolishing the theater to create a parking lot, was stalled by a slow economy in the early 1990s. While the building was in limbo, several alternate uses were proposed, such as turning it into a public library branch, dance hall or a modern 8-screen cineplex. This uncertainty alarmed neighbors, and led to the building being listed in 1992 as one of the 10 "most-endangered" buildings in Louisville.</p><br>
<p>The cineplex plan gained the most support, both from developers and local politicians, and for a while seemed to be in the serious planning stages. However, many neighbors opposed it, citing concerns about security, traffic and parking, and developers eventually dropped the cinema plan. In 1996, a modern multi-screen cinema opened a few blocks away, in the form of Baxter Avenue Theatres, now Baxter Avenue Filmworks, at Mid-City Mall.</p><br>
<p>In 1994, the Uptown Theater was demolished, clearing a large space behind the building where a parking lot was built, and the property was revived when a restaurant and other businesses moved in. Apartments were removed from the second and third floors and converted to office space.</p><br>
<p>Although the Uptown Theater has been demolished, the exterior of the building remains largely unmodified. The theater&#39;s lobby is now the dining room of a Qdoba restaurant, but the old ticket window can still be recognized as part of the storefront.</p><br>
<h2>Local influence</h2><br>
<p>As the landmark building in the area, the Schuster Building has influenced nearby development. Across the street, a Valvoline outlet was built with brick chosen to match the colors used in the Schuster Building. A large, mixed-use building on the opposite corner, called Highland Station, was designed to resemble the Schuster Building, with storefronts flush with the Bardstown Road sidewalk and an outdoor dining area and green space alongside Eastern Parkway.</p><br>
<p>The Reverend George B. Hitchcock House is a historic house museum in Cass County, Iowa, near the city of Lewis. Built in 1856 by the Congregationalist minister George B. Hitchcock, it has features indicative of its use as a "station" on the Underground Railway, corroborated by documentary evidence of Hitchcock&#39;s involvement in the shelter and transport of escaped slaves. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2006. It now houses a museum.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hitchcock House is located west of the city limits of Lewis, on a hill overlooking the western bank of the East Nishnabotna River. It is a two-story structure, built out of locally sourced random ashlar sandstone, and resting on a rubblestone foundation. Its walls are 21 in thick, and its interior framing is heavy hand-hewn timbers. Stylistically it is a vernacular interpretation of Federal period architecture. Unusual features of its interior include an apparently purpose-built basement chamber, whose access was probably concealed by a false cabinet. The other basement room is fitted with a cooking fireplace, and was accessible via an exterior entrance and by stairs from above. It is surmised that these rooms were used for the shelter and support of fugitive slaves.</p><br>
<p>The minister George B. Hitchcock (1812–1872) built the house around 1855 and lived in it from 1856 to 1865. At the time of its construction, it overlooked two major east–west trails, leading to ferry crossings on the river. Hitchcock was involved in the American abolitionism movement known as the Underground Railroad, giving sanctuary to escaped slaves. The property was used as a farm until 1966, when it was sold to the state. It underwent a major restoration in the 1980s, and is now managed by the county as a historic house museum, interpreting the history of the Hitchcock family and the Underground Railroad.</p><br>
<p>The Architects and Engineers Building is an office building in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, designed by locally notable architects Hewitt and Brown and built by builders Pike and Cook. The building was influenced by Hewitt and Brown&#39;s relationship with designers who were dedicated to the City Beautiful movement. They intended to save money by grouping their practices in one building, and they also desired "the special advantage of proximity and the facility for making the knowledge and experience of each available to others." The building was designed with private executive offices, as well as common drafting rooms, libraries, meeting rooms, and clerical facilities. The building was also intended for use at night by architectural students who would work in association with practicing professionals.</p><br>
<p>The building is designed with an Italian Renaissance theme, with different window plans on each level. The names of prominent architects such as Leonardo da Vinci, Filippo Brunelleschi, Sir Christopher Wren, Charles Follen McKim, and Henry Hobson Richardson are painted in gold within the arches between each pair of third-floor windows.</p><br>
<p>The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for local significance in architecture and commerce. The building is now occupied by Catholic Charities of Saint Paul and Minneapolis.</p><br>
<p>The Round Church, also known as the Old Round Church, is a historic church on Round Church Road in Richmond, Vermont. Built in 1812–1813, it is an extraordinarily rare, well-preserved example of a sixteen-sided meeting house, likely the only remaining example of its kind in North America; the only other known definitively sixteen-sided building in the Northeastern United States is Union College&#39;s Nott Memorial. It was built to serve as the meeting place for the town as well as five Protestant congregations. Today, it is maintained by the Richmond Historical Society and is open to the public during the summer and early fall. It is also available for weddings and other events. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1996 for the rarity of its form and its exceptional state of preservation.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Round Church is set on the east side of Round Church Road, a short way south of the Winooski River and Richmonds main village center. The Round Church sits adjacent to the towns green; a fixture of a colonial New England town. It is a two-story wood-frame structure with sixteen sides, finished with wooden clapboards and modest Federal period styling. All but four sides have two sash windows; the wall section behind the pulpit has no windows, and three sides have doorways on the first level and windows on the second. The doorways are framed by simple pilasters and unadorned entablatures. The building is topped by a sixteen-sided roof with a two-stage octagonal belltower at the center.</p><br>
<p>The church was built in 1812–13 by William Rhodes, a native of Claremont, New Hampshire, where there was a sixteen-sided brick church (since demolished) whose only surviving view shows great similarity to this building. Rhodes adapted the conventional meeting house to this distinctive form, borrowing at least some details from architectural pattern books using a panel from Asher Benjamins 1797 Public Builders Assistant for the styling of the pulpit. The construction was funded by the sale of pews, most of which were purchased by Congregationalists, but at least four other Christian denominations were represented.</p><br>
<p>The building was used for both religious services and town meetings for many years. The Baptist Congregation folded in 1843, and the Congregationalists moved to a new building in 1850. The Universalists built their own church in 1879, and the Methodists apparently stopped using this building in the 1880s. The town continued to use it until 1973, when it was closed over concerns for its structural soundness. The building had, in 1927, undergone some work to shore up its leaning tower and sagging roof, but these changes may have been ineffective. The town gave the building to the Richmond Historical Society in 1976, and it underwent a major restoration in 1980–81. This restoration reversed major alterations made since its original construction (including, for example, the removal of a stairway to the attic), the careful reconstruction of the tower using similar materials (due to extensive rot in the original), and a sympathetic reframing of the roof.</p><br>
<p>Gethsemane Episcopal Church is an historic church in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is one of the oldest extant churches in Minneapolis and is significant for its Gothic Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>Architect Edward Stebbins modeled the church on small Gothic style churches in rural England. It is proportioned rather broadly, as opposed having tall proportions, which is rather unusual for churches designed in the late 19th century. The area surrounding the church was primarily residential when it was first built, but it is now surrounded by commercial development.</p><br>
<p>Faced with reduced membership and financial struggle, the final Sunday morning service at Gethsemane will occur in November 2019.</p><br>
<p>The James B. Weaver House is a historic house at 102 Weaver Road  in Bloomfield, Iowa. Built in 1865, it was the home of James Weaver  until 1890. Weaver, a populist and anti-monopolist, was the Greenback candidate for president in 1880 and the Populist candidate in 1892. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Weaver House is located north of downtown Bloomfield, on the east side of Weaver Road just north of its junction with North Street. It is a two-story L-shaped brick structure, with a gabled roof, five corbelled chimneys, and a single-story ell to the rear. A two-story porch is set in the crook of the L. The most prominent feature of the exterior is the windows of its principal elevations, which are set in arched openings framed by dentillated brick hoods.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1865 for James B. Weaver, an Ohio native who settled in newly formed Bloomfield in 1847. Politically active, he helped organize Iowas Republican Party, and served in the Union Army in the American Civil War. A champion of the rural farm electorate, he ran for President of the United States on the Greenback Party ticket in 1880, and the populist Peoples Party in 1892, having helped form the party out of a group of reform-oriented organizations the previous year.</p><br>
<p>Weaver lived in this house until 1890, when he moved to Des Moines. After passing through several private owners, it was acquired by the Davis County Chautauqua Association, which operated it for a time as a historic house museum. It was eventually returned to private ownership.</p><br>
<p>Indian Village State Preserve, or the Wittrock Indian Village State Preserve, is a state archaeological preserve near Sutherland, Iowa. The 6 acre property preserves the Indian Village Site (13OB4</p><br>
<p>The site is located on a terrace overlooking Waterman Creek. It has yielded evidence of occupation for a roughly 300-year period around 1200 CE. The site was completely surrounded by a wooden stockade, probably for protection against other Native Americans. Within the bounds of the stockade there were about 20 lodges, partially subterranean structures about 20 x, which were accessed by entry tunnels. Each lodge had a fireplace and a storage pit.</p><br>
<p>The site was acquired by the state in 1937, and has been the subject of several excavations by professional archaeologists. It was first excavated by the state in 1965, at which time elements of the stockade and the character of the housing was identified. The site is subject to erosion, which the state has taken steps to mitigate by the installation of gabions on the creek bank. Materials from the site are archived at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, and at the state archaeological office. The state has installed a partial recreation of a stockade, to give an impression of what life might have been like in the village.</p><br>
<p>The William Decker House is located on New Prospect Road in the Town of Shawangunk, New York, United States, at the center of the onetime hamlet of Dwaarkill, on the banks of the creek of the same name. It was built by early settler Garrett Decker in 1730 and later expanded on significantly by William in 1776.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 (NRHP reference Number 83001815) and recently was joined to a more recently constructed building to serve as the Colonial Inn 1776 restaurant. On March 24, 2008, a fire destroyed the restaurant. The house itself suffered only minimal damage.</p><br>
<p>President is a steamboat that currently lies dismantled in Effingham, Illinois, United States. Originally named Cincinnati, it was built in 1924 and is the only remaining "Western Rivers" style sidewheel river excursion steamboat in the United States. She was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1989, although these designations were revoked in 2011. Her home ports have been Cincinnati, Ohio; New Orleans, Louisiana; Vicksburg, Mississippi; St. Louis, Missouri; and Davenport, Iowa.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1924 by the Midland Barge Company for John W. Hubbard of Pittsburgh and then known as Cincinnati, she was originally planned as an overnight packet boat which carried passengers and freight from Cincinnati, Ohio, to Louisville, Kentucky during the summer. Once the hull was in Cincinnati, the owners expanded the passenger capacity by building two cabin-decks. The operators, Louisville & Cincinnati Packet Company, ran excursions, making its maiden voyage downstream to New Orleans for Mardi Gras in 1924. They operated Mardi Gras excursions for consecutive years through 1930. Sometimes Cincinnati cruised upriver into the Pittsburgh area.</p><br>
<p>Streckfus Steamers acquired the Cincinnati in 1933 and stripped it down to its hull. They refitted the hull with 24 watertight compartments, then built five decks encased within an all-steel superstructure. The company moved her to her new home port of St. Louis, Missouri, where she served the upscale excursion market. Renamed as President, the newly renovated 285-foot sidewheeler could accommodate 3,000 passengers and the ballroom could host 1,000 dancers. The cabins were built with an open design and the lido was built without a Texas deck.</p><br>
<p>Newly converted and newly named, she opened for business in 1934. Streckfus advertised her as "the New 5 Deck Luxury Super Steamer, Biggest and Finest On The Upper Mississippi". She continued tramping (having no fixed schedule or published ports of call) until 1941. (In 1940, she was displaced from her position as flagship of the Streckfus line by the S.S. Admiral.)</p><br>
<p>In 1941, she switched her home port to New Orleans. Because fuel oil was restricted and many of the young crewmen joined the armed forces with the nation&#39;s entry into World War II, tramping was discontinued, and the cruises stayed close to home. After the war, President remained in New Orleans for many years as a popular music venue, featuring concerts by national acts such as U2, Cyndi Lauper, Men at Work, The Little River Band, and The Producers, and performances by New Orleans artists like Dr. John, The Neville Brothers, and The Cold. She was also seen in the 1958 Elvis Presley film, King Creole, featured prominently during the opening credits but with the larger displayed name repainted near the sidewheel to read SS New Orleans, as well as in the final scenes of the 1973 Sergio Leone western "My Name is Nobody" cruising up river.</p><br>
<p>Because the wind made maneuvering the big boat difficult, she had her two side wheels removed and replaced by 1,000 hp diesel engines in 1978.</p><br>
<p>She was sold and returned to St. Louis sometime after October 1987 as her new home port. While there, she was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a National Historic Landmark on Dec. 20, 1989.</p><br>
<p>On July 27, 2011, the Department of the Interior issued a press release that included the following line; "Finally, President, a steamboat in St. Elmo, Illinois, had its designation as a National Historic Landmark withdrawn because of a loss of historic integrity." The ship was also removed from the National Register entirely.</p><br>
<h2>Casino</h2><br>
<p>In 1990, President sailed her last dinner and dancing cruise before undergoing a ten million dollar renovation and conversion into a floating casino. She was purchased by what is now known as Isle of Capri Casinos. In 1991, Iowa legalized riverboat gambling and the President opened in Davenport, Iowa, with 27,000 ft&sup2; of gaming space. She was the second riverboat casino in the United States in modern times (opening 30 minutes after the first riverboat casino the M/V Diamond Lady opened in Bettendorf, Iowa, which was owned by Bernie Goldstein).</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>President retired from service in 1999 and was reported, in 2004, to be located on the Yazoo River in Mississippi. At that time, she was for sale by Isle of Capri Casinos. She was also located for a time at Treasure Island in Lake McKellar at Memphis, Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>In January 2009, President was located in Alton, Illinois, where she had been listed by the National Park Service as of November 2007. She was disassembled and moved in pieces to St. Elmo, Illinois, near Effingham. Although local businesspeople hope to re-assemble her as a non-floating tourist attraction and hotel, financing has yet to be secured.</p><br>
<p>The Pearl Street Schoolhouse, also known as District 11 Schoolhouse, is located south of the junction of Awosting and Decker roads in the Town of Shawangunk, New York, United States. It was built around 1850.</p><br>
<p>The schoolhouse name is derived from the tendency of the Jansen family to speak often of Pearl Street in what is today Lower Manhattan. The homes of early settlers Thomas and Johannes are within a mile (1.6 km) of each other. Eventually, the whole area they lived in became known as Pearl Street.</p><br>
<p>The building, now a private home, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It is a single-story three-by-three-bay frame structure on a stone foundation, now parged with concrete. A gabled roof is pierced by a brick chimney. To the west a modern shed-roofed wing on block piers projects.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the single room has been divided into two large spaces. Much of the original woodwork, including the wainscoting, remains. Other signs of the building&#39;s use as a school are evident, particularly the coat pegs near the south door, a black spot on the floor where the potbelly stove was and a hole in the wall for its exhaust pipe.</p><br>
<p>The first record of the building is an 1858 atlas describing the building as a store with the school across the street; however this is believed to be in error because of the building&#39;s architecture. In 1875 another atlas describes it as Public School No. 11. It remained in use as a school until 1942-43, after which it was sold for use as a private residence. In 1956 the rear wing was added, and it was expanded nine years later, adding two more rooms to the house.</p><br>
<p>Easton Cemetery is a historic rural cemetery located in Easton, Pennsylvania and the burial site of many notable individuals.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Easton Cemetery&#39;s parklike cemetery landscape design is based on the picturesque romantic styles of the early and late 19th century. Its landscape is set with thousands of examples of funeral artwork, in a variety of decorative styles, spanning Greco-Roman Revival, Gothic Victorian, and Art Deco. Established in 1849, Easton Cemetery is the earliest and best surviving example of a romantic parklike cemetery within the Lehigh Valley metro area. Architecturally noteworthy features include a Gothic Revival Gatehouse and office, stable, cemetery chapel, and a Gothic frame workshop. Its first president was prominent Easton citizen, Traill Green.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Fred Ashton (1931–2013), Mayor of Easton, Pennsylvania from 1968 to 1976</p><br>
<p>Joseph Davis Brodhead (1859–1920), Member of Congress, 1907 to 1909</p><br>
<p>Richard Brodhead (1811–1863), 19th century Pennsylvania state legislator</p><br>
<p>Charles F. Chidsey (1843–1933) first mayor of Easton (1887 to 1889) and State Representative (1896 to 1898)</p><br>
<p>Thomas Coates (1803–1895), "the Father of Band Music in America," and conductor, Regimental Band, Union Army&#39;s 47th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment</p><br>
<p>Jacob Dachrodt (1828–1909), American Civil War captain, State Senator, 1887 to 1891</p><br>
<p>William Clayton Hackett (1874–1930), State Senator, 1915 to 1922</p><br>
<p>Peter Ihrie Jr. (1796–1871), Member of Congress, 1829 to 1833</p><br>
<p>Philip Johnson (1818–1867), Member of Congress, 1863 to 1867</p><br>
<p>William Sebring Kirkpatrick (1844–1932), Member of Congress, 1897 to 1899</p><br>
<p>Howard Mutchler (1859–1916), Member of Congress, 1893 to 1895 and 1901 to 1903</p><br>
<p>William Mutchler (1831–1893), Member of Congress, 1875 to 1877, 1881 to 1885, and 1889 to 1893</p><br>
<p>James Madison Porter (1793–1862), USA Secretary of War, 1843 to 1844, and founder of Lafayette College</p><br>
<p>James F. Randolph (1791–1872), Member of Congress, 1828 to 1823</p><br>
<p>Joseph Fitz Randolph (1803–1873), Member of Congress, 1837 to 1843</p><br>
<p>Andrew Horatio Reeder (1807–1864), Kansas Territory governor, 1854 to 1855</p><br>
<p>Jeanette Reibman (1915–2006), member of Pennsylvania House of Representatives, 1955 to 1966, and Pennsylvania State Senate, 1969 to 1994 and trustee, Lafayette College, 1970 to 1985</p><br>
<p>Samuel Sitgreaves (1764–1827), Member of Congress, 1797 to 1798</p><br>
<p>Henry Joseph Steele (1860–1933), Member of Congress, 1915 to 1921</p><br>
<p>George Taylor (1716–1781), founding father who signed the Declaration of Independence</p><br>
<p>David Douglas Wagener (1792–1860), Member of Congress (1833 to 1841)</p><br>
<p>Charles A. Wikoff (1837–1898), Union Army officer in American Civil War later killed in action in Spanish–American War</p><br>
<p>C. Meyer Zulick (1838–1926), Arizona Territory governor, 1885 to 1889</p><br>
<p>Harrisville Historic District is a well-preserved historic New England mill village located in the southwest part of New Hampshire. It consists of about 200 acre and about 135 structures. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The district is located about 10 mi east of Keene, New Hampshire, then 3 mi north on Harrisville-Dublin Road from New Hampshire Route 101.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area of what is today the town of Harrisville, New Hampshire was originally part of the towns of Dublin and Nelson, in Cheshire County. The site of the village is located on hilly terrain on a ridge that forms the divide between the Connecticut and Merrimack rivers, approximately 1,300 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<p>In 1774, Abel Twitchel built a combination grist and saw mill on a stream running through the village. Later, Jason Harris built a blacksmith shop in the village, which until 1830 was known as Twitchells Mills. In 1799, Jonas Clark built a clothing mill for fulling and dressing cloth. His wife also spun linen thread in the same mill. The Clarks sold their mill to James Horsley in 1804 and moved to Canada. By this time Clarks grist mill had been fitted with a wool carding machine, installed by Bethuel Harris and Abel Twitchell. It is claimed that this was only the second such machine to be installed in the entire United States.</p><br>
<p>In 1822, Bethuel and Cyrus Harris constructed a brick mill on the stream for the manufacture of woolen cloths. The machinery for the mill was installed by Milan Harris. In 1833 Milan Harris and A.S. Hutchinson built a new mill, referred to as the "Upper Mill", on the site of the old grist and saw-mill. The "Upper Mill", now known as the Harris Mill, is now owned Historic Harrisville, Inc. and occupied by, which was established in 1971 to help preserve the history of the manufacture of wool yarn and cloth in the village.</p><br>
<p>Cheshire Mill No. 1, with its distinctive bell tower, was constructed in 1848 by Cyrus Harris from New Hampshire granite. It was one of the last remaining operational textile mills in New England, closing its doors in 1970. The site also includes the abutting Cheshire Mill No. 2, a red brick structure built in 1859, as well as Cheshire Mill No. 3, 4 and 5, built in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The National Historic Landmark District also includes numerous historic homes and worker cottages, several churches, a storehouse, general store and a cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The Harrisville Rural District in Harrisville, New Hampshire was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. The district encompasses a large area in the central southern part of the town, where much of its early development took place. Its westernmost public point is the corner of Mason and Macveagh Roads, and it extends eastward from there, encompassing properties that abut Mason, Venable, and New Harrisville Roads south to the town line with Dublin. Further east it encompasses properties on Bonds Corner Road between Eastview and Lampman Roads, as well as some property on the north side of Lampman Road. The district includes existing houses and outbuildings as well as foundational and archaeological remnants of previous early settlement structures. A portion of the district along New Harrisville and Venable Roads is overlaid by the Beech Hill Summer Home District.</p><br>
<p>Harrisville was laid out as part of Dublin in 1750, with an initial survey laying out 220 lots. All or part of sixteen of the first lots to be settled are included in the district, and represent the largest concentration of arable land in the town. Early property divisions are still largely marked by roads (either actively used or abandoned), stone walls, and mature tree plantings. This area began as a subsistence farming area, but developed in the 19th century as a supply center for the growing mill village in the center of Harrisville. The farms in this district supplied perishable farm products for the village residents and mill workers, sheep wool for the mills to process, and lumber for construction and the manufacture of wood products. These uses declined in the early 20th century, with the economic decline partially offset by the rise of summer country estates in the area.</p><br>
<p>The Riverside Historic District, also known as Riverside Landscape Architecture District, encompasses what is arguably one of the first planned suburbs in the United States. The district encompasses the majority of the village of Riverside, Illinois, a suburb just west of Chicago. It was planned and designed by Calvert Vaux and Frederick Law Olmsted and features a number of architecturally distinguished buildings.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>According to "Riverside in 1871 With a Description of its Improvements", a booklet by The Riverside Improvement Company, The Riverside Improvement Company was established in April, 1869 to build a charming, modern suburban neighborhood called "Riverside". About nine miles from Chicago, Riverside covers about 1,600 acres of land along the Des Plaines River. Frederick Law Olmsted, designer of Central Park, New York City, furnished the plans for Riverside. Throughout the village, winding roads and green areas along the river create a park-like setting. Walter Creese called it "The Greatest American Suburb".</p><br>
<p>The Water Tower in Riverside was designed by Jenney, Schermerhorn & Bogart, Architects and Engineers. Like the Water Tower in Chicago, the Riverside Water Tower is a well-known landmark in the area. It is both a water tank and a decorative element in the village-scape.</p><br>
<p>The Riverside district includes the streets, parkways, parklands, and historic gas street lighting in the area bounded by 26th St., Harlem and Ogden Aves., the Des Plaines River, and Forbes Rd. Also included are the many homes and estates designed by architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright, Daniel Burnham, Louis Sullivan, William Le Baron Jenney, Frederick Clarke Withers, and Calvert Vaux. Several homes, such as the F. F. Tomek House and the Coonley House, have individually received National Historic Landmark status.</p><br>
<p>All but about 100 acre of the village was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The Alexander Ramsey House is a historic house museum in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States; the former residence of Alexander Ramsey, who served as the first governor of Minnesota Territory and the second governor of the state of Minnesota. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. It is also a contributing property to the Irvine Park Historic District.</p><br>
<p>It is located at 265 Exchange Street South in the Irvine Park area, which was one of the first trendy neighborhoods in Minnesota. Designed by noted early Minnesota architect Monroe Sheire, the house is one of the nation&#39;s best-preserved Victorian homes, featuring carved walnut woodwork, marble fireplaces, crystal chandeliers, and many original furnishings.</p><br>
<p>The Ramsey family began building the house in 1868, including innovations like hot water radiators, gas lights and hot and cold running water, and when it was completed in 1872, the total cost of construction was nearly $41,000. To furnish the house, Ramsey&#39;s wife Anna filled two boxcars with fashionable and expensive Renaissance-revival furniture from the A.T. Stewart Company Store in New York to bring home to Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>The Ramseys&#39; daughter Marion married Charles Furness in a lavish wedding in the parlor in 1875.</p><br>
<p>The 15-room house remained in the Ramsey family until the death of Alexander Ramseys last surviving granddaughter Anita in 1964. The house and its contents were left to the Minnesota Historical Society, which now operates it as a museum with tours offered year-round. They offer special programs such as "A Victorian Christmas at the Ramsey House" in which the house is decorated for the holidays and visitors can discover how the Ramseys would have prepared for and celebrated Christmas. Tours show the dining table set with the familys china and crystal, with a Christmas tree decorated with the family&#39;s own ornaments.</p><br>
<p>The F. F. Tomek House, also known as The Ship House or as the Ferdinand Frederick and Emily Tomek House, is a historic house in Riverside, Illinois. It is a prominent example of Prairie School design by Frank Lloyd Wright. Designed in 1904 and construction finished in 1906, the Tomek House is a well-preserved example of the style. In addition to being a good example of the Prairie style, the Tomek house documents the development of the style, which reached its clearest expression in Wright&#39;s Robie House in 1908. It is included in the Riverside Historic District and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Tomek house was constructed for Ferdinand Frederick Tomek from 1905 to 1906. Tomek worked in a factory that produced picture frames and wooden moldings. The Tomeks resided in the house until 1924. The house is considered an important artifact of the development of Frank Lloyd Wrights Prairie School of design. Barry Byrne was the assistant architect for the house. The Tomek house served as a model for the Robie House, Wrights famed 1910 design. Like most of his projects, Wright designed the furniture for the Tomek house.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, the Illinois Historic Structures Survey identified it as a significant site. The house has been extensively restored. The Illinois Department of Conservation approved a grant for this purpose to the Moran family in 1979. The Illinois Historic Preservation Agency approved the changes and issued a Certificate of Rehabilitation. In 1993, the Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy was offered an easement to help protect the residence. On January 20, 1999, the house was named a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service, owing to its role as a site of national-level significance.</p><br>
<p>The Sears, Roebuck and Company Complex is a building complex in the community area of North Lawndale in Chicago, Illinois. The complex hosted most of department-store chain Sears mail order operations between 1906 and 1993, and it also served as Sears corporate headquarters until 1973, when the Sears Tower was completed. Of its original 40 acre complex, only three buildings survive and have been adaptively rehabilitated to other uses. The complex was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978, at which time it still included the 3,000,000 ft2 mail order plant, the world&#39;s largest commercial building when it was completed.</p><br>
<p>These core buildings occupy an area bounded on the north by West Arthington Street, the west by Central Park Avenue, the east by Spaulding Avenue, and the south by West Fillmore Street.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Sears was founded in 1886, renamed Sears Roebuck in 1893 when Alvah Roebuck joined the firm, and was originally headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Experiencing rapid growth, the retailer in 1895 moved its headquarters to a building on West Adams Street in Chicago, and again the following year to Fulton and Desplaines Streets. The company&#39;s rapid growth created problems with the fulfillment of orders, because it had to lease space all over the city to warehouse its products.</p><br>
<p>In 1904 the company purchased more than 40 acre of land on Chicago&#39;s West Side, and embarked on one of the largest retail development projects to date. The centerpiece of the company-owned "city within a city" were its central administration building, a merchandise development house, and a mail order processing facility, along with a power plant to provide electricity and heat to the entire complex. Designed by Nimmons and Fellows, a local architectural firm, the complex was so large the company required city permission to build over some city streets.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s extensive athletic facilities were added to the complex, as an encouragement for after-work socialization to keep employee morale high. Included were a clubhouse and tennis courts, and the Sears Department of the YMCA. Events included an annual track and field competitions, and company baseball teams.</p><br>
<p>By 1926, the first ground level parking lots replaced the athletic fields. This happened at the same time that a strategic shift from catalog sales to retail stores had started with easy auto travel making travel to a store more practical. By 1943 the complex had become a city within itself. Sears created their own services for effective use, much advanced beyond what was required at the time, including:</p><br>
<p>a company police department, with armed officers, and early use of private police.</p><br>
<p>a company fire department, with volunteer firemen, and early use of fire sprinklers.</p><br>
<p>a 200,000-gallon water tank, water use and fire prevention purposes.</p><br>
<p>a newspaper publicity office.</p><br>
<p>a cafeteria – originally men and women were separated, and multiple levels of service for all employee lunch and breakfast.</p><br>
<p>a private bank offering services for employees on site.</p><br>
<p>The companys growth continued through the 20th century, and by the 1960s it was the largest retailer in the world. Changing trends in retail sales and methods led to a decline, and the companys mail order business was scaled back in 1987, moving out of these premises. The corporate headquarters had been moved in 1973 to the Sears Tower, so the complex then stood vacant. Its closure of the complex presented the city with a redevelopment problem.</p><br>
<p>In 1992 a non-profit partnership organized by former Sears management began to redevelop the site, now dubbed Homan Square. The mail order merchandise building was demolished (except for its main tower), and the land it occupies has been redeveloped to include new residences, retail, and a community center. Homan Square is used as an example of the gradual turn around of North Lawndale. Included in this reconstruction effort is the massive rehabilitation of the former Sears Power House, into the Charles H. Shaw Technology and Learning Center—a LEED Platinum historic renovation designed by Farr Associates.</p><br>
<h2>Surviving buildings</h2><br>
<p>The elements that survive from the early period of the Sears complex development are organized around South Homan Avenue, between West Arthington Street and the railroad tracks to the south. The merchandise tower, the only surviving element of the 3-million-square-foot Merchandise Building, is to the west, and the Power House and Administration Building are to the east. Beyond those two, fronting on West Arthington and Spaulding Avenue, is the former Merchandise Laboratory. These buildings were built along the former right-of-way of the Baltimore and Ohio Chicago Terminal Railroad (now CSX).</p><br>
<h3>Sears Merchandise Building Tower</h3><br>
<p>The Sears Merchandise Building Tower is a fourteen-story structure, with a limestone base and brick walls. It is crowned by a Classical Revival top floor with round-arch windows and a modillioned cornice. It housed water tanks for firefighting on the upper levels, as well as offices and secretarial training facilities. It also housed the early broadcast facilities for WLS-AM. In 2015, it was refurbished and reopened to the public as the "John D. and Alexandra C. Nichols Tower". It now houses non-profit groups and offices, including a classroom on the 12th floor for the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. The Sears Roebuck plaque is still visible on top of the building.</p><br>
<h3>Administration Building</h3><br>
<p>The Sears, Roebuck and Company Administration Building is a broad five-story masonry building, occupying about 3/4 of the block facing West Arthington between South Homan and Spaulding. It has ornate Classical Revival detailing applied to an otherwise fairly typical Chicago School design.</p><br>
<h3>Power Station</h3><br>
<p>The Power Station is a rectangular, nominally single-story, brick structure measuring 114 x. Its front facade is characterized by tall and large round-arch windows, with a stepped parapet above.</p><br>
<h3>Merchandise Development Laboratory</h3><br>
<p>This building, which is an L-shaped structure six stories in height and finished in brick, housed the company&#39;s catalog printing operation from 1905 to 1926. It served for about forty years as its principal product testing laboratory.</p><br>
<h2>Homan Square Facility</h2><br>
<p>A former warehouse of the complex was repurposed by Chicago Police into the Homan Square facility. It gained national notoriety due to its characterization in the media as a CPD Black site.</p><br>
<h2>Filming location</h2><br>
<p>Ocean&#39;s Twelve (2004) – George Clooney as Danny Ocean and Matt Damon as Linus Caldwell along with many other actors filmed a scene in the Power House.</p><br>
<p>Stranger than Fiction (2006) – For this movie, Emma Thompson as Karen Eiffel filmed a night scene in front of the tower.</p><br>
<p>The Owen Lovejoy House is a historic house museum on East Peru Street in Princeton, Illinois. Built in 1838, it was for many years home to Owen Lovejoy , a prominent abolitionist and congressman. Lovejoy, the brother of martyred abolitionist, Elijah Lovejoy, was an open operator of shelter and support on the Underground Railroad, and his house contains a concealed compartment in which escaped slaves could be hidden. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1997. It is open seasonally or by appointment for tours.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Owen Lovejoy House stands on the outer fringe of the developed town center of Princeton, on the north side of East Peru Street between 7th and 8th Streets. It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof and vernacular Greek Revival styling. The left half of its broad front is sheltered by a hip-roofed porch, which wraps around the left side. An ell extends to the rear of the building. On the second floor is an attic space that has been traditionally ascribed the role as a fugitive hiding place. It is a triangular space running along the back of the main block, whose presence is obscured by the arrangements of the walls on the back staircase. The space appears to have been deliberately constructed in this way, and it is not obviously amenable for use as a more conventional storage space.</p><br>
<p>The main part of the house was built in 1835 by Butler Denham, who had acquired land here the previous year. It was expanded soon afterward to the rear, and again about 1850 to the east. Denham, a Massachusetts native, farmed here and died in 1841. His wife Eunice remarried, to Owen Lovejoy, a fiery abolitionist lawyer from Maine. Lovejoy was a prominent organizer of abolitionist activity in Illinois, and helped organize the state Republican Party with Abraham Lincoln in 1854. He notoriously flaunted his assistance to fugitive slaves in anti-slavery speeches he made to the public and on the floor of the United States Congress.</p><br>
<p>Lovejoy&#39;s house remained in the family until 1931, when it was sold to a couple who performed a partial restoration, and attempted to operate it as a museum. The effort failed, and the house declined in condition. It was acquired by the city in 1971, and underwent a major rehabilitation over the next year. It has been operated by the city since then as a history museum.</p><br>
